2. Main area-defense systems  /  主要的区域防空系统

表中上一栏为中国现役防空装备，从左往右依次为系统名称、生产国、入役时间、现有导弹连数量、以及说明。其中HQ-2的说明为“尽管得到了成功的改进但也在陆续退出现役”，HQ-15的说明为“据未经确认的消息来源说中国已经被授权生产S-300”，S-300 PMU-2的说明为“刚刚服役”。

表中下一栏为整体性能（最下面两行分别为美国的爱国者II型和台湾的天弓II型，供对比用），从左往右依次为系统名称、射程、射高、最大速度、说明。其中S-300 PMU的说明为“估计配备5V55RD导弹”，S-300 PMU-1的说明为“有消息来源声称射高为75km”，HQ-9的说明为“最大射程据称为200km”，爱国者II型的说明为“使用于美国、日本及台湾地区”，天弓II型的说明为“使用于台湾地区，与爱国者相类似”。 

HQ-9 SAM　/　红旗-9型地对空导弹

A Chinese indigenous system analogous with the Russian S-300 series, the HQ-9 has had a long gestation but is now being deployed in some numbers. Contrary to many published statistics, the missile is somewhat smaller than the S-300’s, and is probably a single-stage weapons. Many design features are borrowed from the S-300 series but also with many features of the US Patriot system, presumably gleaned by espionage in US and China’s Western-aligned neighbors.

红旗-9型是一种类似于俄罗斯S-300系列的中国国产系统，经历了长期的研制，现在已经有一定数量入役。根据公开资料对比各项数据，该型导弹从某个角度看起来象S-300的缩小版，很可能是一种单级推进的武器。它借鉴了S-300系列的很多设计特点，但也可以看到很多爱国者系统的影子，据推测这些资料是通过在美国的特工以及位于中国西部的盟友邻国那里收集来的。

Battery configuration is modeled on the S-300. Range is about 90km (I don’t buy the 200km claim) and the system probably has good multi-target and modest ABM capability. It is certainly a formidable system. Illustrations represent the production versions as best I can tell:

导弹连的配置参照了S-300系统。其覆盖的射程大约为90公里（我不相信那种达到200公里的说法）并且系统很可能拥有良好的多目标打击能力和一定的反弹道导弹能力。这无疑是一套令人惊叹的系统。下面这些配图是我所能做的最好说明：

S-300 P series (SA-10 and SA-20)

S-300 P 系列 (SA-10 和 SA-20)

The first S-300s delivered to China were S-300PMU, the export version of the SA-10B Grumble. These were initially deployed around Beijing although two of the batteries have probably been redeployed elsewhere as better systems replace them around Beijing.

首批运抵中国的S-300是S-300PMU，即SA-10B“轰鸣”的出口版本。它们一开始是被部署在了北京周边，在更好的防空系统出现之后，有两个发射连被取而代之重新部署到了其它地方。 

In the late 1990s the S-300PMUs were succeeded by the more capable S-300PMU-1 system. Unlike its predecessor, China opted for the less mobile trailer-mounted missile TEL. Pretty much all export versions of the S-300/400 series can be mounted on either the classic Maz truck TEL, or a towed trailer. Generally China observers reverse the relationship assuming that the trailer mounted examples are the older PMUs rather than the more widespread PMU-1.

到了上世纪90年代后期，S-300 PMU被性能更好的S-300 PMU-1型系统所取代。与前者不同的是，中国选择了机动能力更差一点拖车式导弹运输发射车。几乎是所有出口版本的S-300/400系列都可以装载在经典的Maz系列运输发射车上或者是拖车上。中国的军迷经常会因此而搞混了两种型号，把拖车上的当成是老式的PMU，而不是分布更为广泛的PMU-1型。 

The PMU-1 introduced a more capable missile and the impressive ‘Big Bird’ radar. These are usually deployed in separate sites serving multiple S-300 batteries and can be likened to “land-Aegis”.

PMU-1型使用了性能更好的导弹以及令人印象深刻的“大鸟”雷达。这种雷达通常部署在独立的阵地，支持多个S-300发射连，可以称之为“陆地盾牌”。 

The antenna rotates but has phased arrays on both sides so it can search two sectors at once.

“大鸟”雷达的天线会旋转，但它的两面都有相控阵，因此它可以一次性搜索两个方向。

China has also started to receive the PMU-2 ‘Favorit’ system. Like the PMU-1s this is mounted on a trailer but uses a different tractor, the same as is often associated with the S-400 system. The PMU-2 has genuine 195km range.

中国同样已经开始接收PMU-2型“骄子”系统。和PMU-1型一样这一系统也是装载在拖车上的，但使用的是一种不同的车头，这种车头通常用于S-400系统。PMU-2的射程确认达到195公里。

HQ-12 (KS-1A)

The HQ-12 is an indigenous Chinese system derived from the HQ-2. Despite a passing resemblance to the upper stage of the HQ-2 the missile is in fact completely new and features a single stage solid-fuelled rocket with a range of about 50km (better than the 35km of the HQ-2). Development has been somewhat protracted but the system appears to have entered widespread service slowly replacing HQ-2s. Probably developed as a contingency to the more sophisticated HQ-9, it is plausible that the HQ-12 is now viewed as the cheaper alternative to the S-300 and HQ-9 systems. One aspect where the HQ-12 is quite strong however is in terms of radars, which are cross-pollinated with the HQ-9 program. Despite certain hangovers from the old HQ-2, and being generally less capable than the HQ-9/S-300s, the HQ-12 is a very capable system providing credible modern air defense to less-strategic locations.

红旗12型是在红旗2型基础上研制出来的中国国产防空系统。尽管它的外形与红旗2型的二级部分非常相似，这种导弹却是全新的，其特征在于射程可以达到50公里的单级固体燃料火箭（优于红旗2型的35公里）。这一系统的研制曾一度出现过拖延，但最终大量服役并缓慢取代了红旗2型。或许是因为它是做为更为先进的红旗9型的一种应急研制型号，现在有一种流行的说法就是红旗12被当成是S-300和红旗9型系统的廉价补充。要说到红旗12型的强大之处就不能不提及它的雷达，它是与红旗9型项目同步研制的。尽管某些地方遗留了老式红旗2型的东西，总体而言在性能上也比不过红旗9型/S-300系列，红旗12型还是一种很好用的系统，可以对次战略目标提供可靠的现代对空防御。

HQ-2 SAM

红旗2型地对空导弹

The Chinese version of the Soviet SA-2, the HQ-2 has been deployed in successive versions. The system is undoubtedly the least capable Chinese area-defense SAM but remains prominent. Range is about 35km but altitude is good. Although Chinese systems may be more capable than the SA-2s, they still suffer from multi-target and mobility limitations.

红旗2型是苏联SA-2的中国成功研制版本。该型系统无疑是中国区域防空导弹中最为落后的一个，但也最为著名。它的射程只有35公里，但是射高很好。尽管中国研制的系统可能比SA-2性能更好，但它依然在多目标能力和机动能力方面存在不足。

The below photo shows that even in 2007 PLA was still building HQ-2 sites, although it has been suggested that this is an HQ-12 site with HQ-2 deployed as an interim arrangement. Either way it’s likely that he HQ-2s here have been displaced from a higher priority location where they have been replaced by one of the multitude of more advanced systems field by China.

下面的照片显示直到2007年中国人民解放军仍然在构建红旗2型的发射阵地，尽管有可能这一阵地是供红旗12型使用的，红旗2型只是暂时进驻。无论是哪种可能，红旗2型已经在优先防御的地区中被中国出现的大量更为先进的防空系统中的某个型号所取代。 

1.Bluffer’s Guide: Fortress China[A]
2.Bluffer’s Guide: Fortress China[B]
3.Bluffer’s Guide: Fortress China[C]