| Chinese Romeo class submarines and their derivatives Type 033
中国罗密欧级常规潜艇及其衍生型号033型 Date:2020-04-12 Source:wikia By:Globalmil Viewed: |
项目633级（北约报告称为罗密欧级）是苏联一种柴电潜艇，建造于1950年。罗密欧级的起源可以追溯到第二次世界大战的德国XXI Elektroboot U型潜艇。第二次世界大战结束时，苏联获得了几艘XXI型，他们可以从中获得某些关键技术。这些技术有助于祖鲁（Zulu）级和威士忌（Whiskey）级的设计。对设计的进一步改进导致了由天青石（Lazurit）中央设计局设计的Romeo级（“Lazurit”是lazurite的俄语单词）。
Only 20 of the Soviet Union's originally intended 56 were completed between October 1957 and the end of December 1961[1] because of the introduction of the nuclear submarine into the Soviet Navy.
由于将核潜艇引入苏联海军，1957年10月至1961年12月底，苏联原定的56艘中只完成了20艘。
By today's standards Romeo class submarines are considered obsolete, but still have some value as training and surveillance vessels.
按照今天的标准，罗密欧级潜艇被认为已经过时，但仍具有作为训练和监视的价值。
Contents
目录
Operators of Romeo class submarine
罗密欧级潜艇操作情况
Several navies operate or have operated Romeo class submarines:
· Russia and the Soviet Union had 20 Romeo class vessels in service. These vessels are no longer used as combat vessels in the Russian Navy, although one or two remain in service as immobile training facilities.
· China has operated an estimated 84 of the Type-33 submarine (Romeo) during the Cold War. Most have been scrapped, but 31 are still in use for training.
· North Korea operates 22 Romeo class submarines, that were both locally assembled with Chinese supplied parts and directly imported from China. The 4 Chinese imported units are based on the western coast.
· Bulgaria operates one Romeo class submarine, which is the last remaining of four boats that were exported from the Soviet Union.
· Syria has decommissioned the three Romeo class submarines that it imported from the Soviet Union.
· Egypt operates four of an original eight Romeo class submarines that are upgraded variants of the Chinese design.
· Algeria has decommissioned its two Soviet Romeo class submarines.
一些海军操作或曾经操作过罗密欧级潜艇：
· 俄罗斯和苏联有20艘罗密欧级在服役。这些潜艇在俄罗斯海军中不再用作作战舰艇，尽管有一到两艘仍用作固定训练设施。
· 在冷战期间，中国估计操作了84艘33型潜艇（罗密欧）。大多数已报废，但仍有31艘用于训练中。
· 朝鲜操作22艘罗密欧级潜艇，这些潜艇都是在本国组装或由中国提供部件和直接从中国进口。从中国进口的四艘基地位于西部海岸。
· 保加利亚操作着一艘罗密欧级潜艇，这苏联出口的四艘中的最后一艘。
· 叙利亚已经退役了从苏联进口的三艘罗密欧级潜艇。
· 埃及现有最初八艘罗密欧级潜艇中的四艘，这些潜艇是中国设计的升级型号。
· 阿尔及利亚将其两艘苏联罗密欧级潜水艇退役。
General characteristics
Displacement: 1,475 tons surfaced
1,830 tons submerged
Length: 76.6 m (251 ft 3 in)
Beam: 6.7 m (22 ft)
Draught: 5.2 m (17 ft 1 in)
Propulsion: Two diesels delivering 2.94 MW (4000 shp) with two electric motors driving two shafts.
Speed: 15.2 knots surfaced
13 knots submerged
Range: 14,484km (9,000 miles) at 9 knots
Complement: 54 men (10 officers)
Sensors and
processing systems: sonar and radar
Electronic warfare
& decoys: MRP 11-14
Armament: 8 × 533mm (21in) torpedo tubes. Six located in the bows and two in the stern.
14 × 533mm (21in) anti ship or anti submarine torpedoes (including Yu-4 and Yu-1 torpedoes) or 28 mines
一般特征
排水量：1475吨
水下1830吨
艇长：76.6米（251英尺3英寸）
艇宽：6.7米（22英尺）
吃水线：5.2米（17英尺1英寸）
推进：两台柴油机，输出功率2.94兆瓦（4000马力），两台电机驱动两个轴。
航速：水上15.2节
潜航13节
航程：14484公里（9000英里），9节
乘员：54人（10名军官）
传感器和处理系统：声纳和雷达
电子战
干扰机：MRP 11-14
装备：8x533mm（21英寸）鱼雷管。艇艏有六具，艇尾有两具。
14x533毫米（21英寸）反舰或反潜鱼雷（包括鱼-4和鱼-1鱼雷）或28枚水雷
Under the 1950 Sino-Soviet Friendship and Mutual Assistance Treaty, the Soviets passed to China (and later to North Korea) the documentation necessary to produce Romeo submarines in 1963. The Chinese variant is known as the Type 033 Romeo. A total of 84 Type 033 submarines were built in China from 1962 to 1984, plus several exported to other countries. The Chinese Type 033 incorporated some improvements over the original Romeo, including noise reduction of 20 dB. Sonar on board was also continuously upgraded: the original Soviet sonar was first replaced by domestic Chinese Type 105 sonar, which consequently was replaced by H/SQ2-262A sonar built by No. 613 Factory. Today most of the Type 033 subs have been retired or preserved, with few remaining for training purposes. A total of six Chinese Romeo class submarine was developed:
根据1950年的《中苏友好和互助条约》，苏联将罗密欧（Romeo）潜艇生产所需的文件移交给了中国（后来移交给了朝鲜）。 中国改型被称为033型罗密欧。1962年至1984年，中国共建造了84艘033型潜艇，另外还有数艘出口到其他国家。中国033型在原始罗密欧级的基础上进行了一些改进，包括降低了20 dB的噪声。艇载声纳也不断升级：最初的苏联声纳首先被国产的105型声纳取代，后来被613工厂制造的H/SQ2-262A声纳取代。如今，大多数033型潜艇已被退役或封存，仅剩下很少的用于训练目的。中国总共研发了六种罗密欧级潜艇：
· Type 6633: Original Chinese built Romeo, 6 were planned, but only 2 were completed. Originally planned as a Chinese assembled Romeo class, construction program came to a complete stop due to Sino-Soviet split, because former-USSR stopped the delivery of parts. Construction of the 3rd units at Wuhan stopped, and available parts were diverted to complete the first pair, but many parts had to be developed indigenously. The primary improvement of Type 6633 over the original Soviet boats is the use of domestic Chinese battery, which had slightly superior performance than the original Soviet battery.
· 6633型：最初中国建造的罗密欧级，计划6艘，但仅完成2艘。原计划是由中国组装的罗密欧级，但由于中苏分裂，建造计划完全停止了，因为前苏联停止了零件交付。武汉第3艘的建造停止了，可用的零件被移交以完成第1艘建造，但许多零件必须本国研制。6633型对原始苏联潜艇的主要改进是使用了中国国产电池，其性能比原始的苏联电池稍强。
· Type 033: Complete domestic production in China was achieved in 1967, and subsequently renamed as Type 033. However, experience from deployment of completed boats in warmer climate proved that the original Soviet refrigeration and air conditioning system designed for subarctic and arctic area was woefully inadequate for subtropical and tropical regions, so redesigns were needed to improve refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and all boats to be stationed in tropical and subtropical regions went through such refit. In September 1969, brand new construction of Type 033 with improved air conditioning and refrigeration capability begun at Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou, were eventually, 13 units were completed.
· 033型：1967年中国完成了全部国内生产，随后更名为033型。但是，在温暖的气候条件下部署完工的潜艇经验证明，最初为北极和北极地区设计的苏联制冷和空调系统对于亚热带和热带地区严重不足，因此需要进行重新设计以改善制冷和空调系统，并且所有将要驻扎在热带和亚热带地区的潜艇都经过了这种改装。1969年9月，全新的采用改进的空调和制冷能力的033型在广州黄埔造船厂开始动工建造，最终完成了13艘。
· ES5A: Upgrade Type 033, and improvements are mainly in the replacement of equipment of Soviet origin with domestic Chinese system, which includes: QZHA―10 (Type 779) attack periscope and QDYA―10 (Type 778) general purpose periscope. Addition of H/SQG-2 ranging sonar, Type 063 communication systems, and countermeasure systems. Domestic Chinese Type 801 sonar replaced the original Soviet MARS-24 sonar. The only difference between Type 801 sonar and its predecessor MARS-24 sonar is that there are 24 transducer elements for Type 801 as opposed to 12 in the original MARS 24, so the Chinese sonar had better accuracy. Domestic Chinese reconnaissance sonar H/SQZ-D sonar (with transducer designated as Type 105) replaced the original Soviet system, with performance of SQZ-D is almost identical to the original Soviet sonar it was developed from, except the sector of scan, which is increased by 15 degrees. Additional noise reduction measure also adopted. This is the type China originally sold to Egypt in the 1980s.
· ES5A：对033型进行升级，改进之处主要是用中国国内系统替换了苏联原产的部件，其中包括：QZHA-10（779型）攻击潜望镜和QDYA-10（778型）通用潜望镜。增加了H/SQG-2测距声纳，063型通信系统和对抗系统。中国国产801型声纳取代了原来的苏联MARS-24声纳。 801型声纳与其前身MARS-24声纳之间的唯一区别是，801型声纳有24个换能器元件，而原始MARS 24只有12个，因此中国声纳具有更好的精度。中国国产搜索声纳H/SQZ-D声纳（换能器指定为105型）取代了原始的苏联系统，由原始苏联声纳发展的SQZ-D的性能几乎相同，除了扫描部分外，增加15度。还采取了额外的降噪措施。这是中国在1980年代最初出售给埃及的型号。
· Type 033G: Development of ES5A, with the incorporation of capability to launching acoustic homing torpedo, with analog computers added to achieve automation in order to speed up the calculation of torpedo fire control calculations that was previously requiring manual work. All Chinese Romeos have been converted to this standard. The NATO reporting name for this type is rumored to Wuhan class.
· 033G型：从ES5A型发展，具有发射声自导鱼雷的能力，并添加了模拟计算机以实现自动化，从而加快了以前需要人工作业的鱼雷火控计算的速度。中国所有罗密欧级都已转换为该标准。据传这种型号北约报告称为武汉级。
· Type 033G1: A single Type 033G was modified to carry 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) SSM, this variant is called Type 033G1, with rumored NATO reporting name as Wuhan A. The missile had to be fired while the boat is surfaced, with the total exposure on the surface less than 7 minutes. The most significant improvement, however, is the reduction of noise level by 12 dB.
· 033G1型：单独一艘033G型被改造为携带6枚YJ-1（CSS-N-4）反舰导弹（SSM），该改型被称为033G1型，据传北约报告称其为武汉A型。 浮出水面，水面总曝露时间少于7分钟。但是，最显着的改进是将噪声级别降低了12 dB。
· ES5B：从033G型发展，主要用于出口。这是罗密欧级潜水艇用户的升级包。该级的主要改进是在下潜时能够发射线导鱼雷和反舰导弹（AShM）。计划最初于1980年中期开始，据报道，埃及是中国升级型罗密欧级潜艇合同赢得的唯一客户。包括苏联和中国建造的单位，这是中国罗密欧级潜水艇的最后一种型号，与交付给中国的原始苏联项目633型（成套组件形式）的160 dB相比，噪声降低了20 dB至140 dB。
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