The DongFeng 11 (Export name: M-11; NATO codename: CSS-7) is a road-mobile, single-stage, short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) system developed by CASIC Sanjiang Space Group (also known as Base 066) located in Hubei Province. The missile and its 8-wheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle bear some resemblance to the Russian SS-1C Scud-B. The DongFeng 11 was developed in the 1980s intended for the export market. An improved variant DongFeng 11A with extended range and greater accuracy was fielded by the PLA ground forces in 1999.

东风-11（外销命名：M-11；北约代号：CSS-7）是一种公路机动、单级近程弹道导弹（SRBM）系统，由位于湖北省的中国航天科工集团公司（CASIC）三江航天集团发展（也称为066基地）。导弹和它的8-轮运输-起竖-发射车辆一些方面类似俄罗斯SS-1C Scud-B。DF-11在1980年发展准备用于外销市场。一种改进型DF-11A具有增加射程和更好精度在1999 年被PLA地面部队装备。

The DongFeng 11 development began in the late 1970s as the PRC’s first conventionally-armed tactical SRBM. The missile and its 8X8 TEL vehicle were demonstrated to the PLA in 1987, and the first test launch took place in 1990. The DongFeng 11 is fully compliant with the requirements of the 1987 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which restricts the export of delivery systems and related technology for those systems capable of carrying more than 500kg payload over a range of 300km or above.

东风-11发展在1970年后期开始当作中国第一种常规-装备战术SRBM。导弹和它的8X8 TEL车辆在1987年向PLA演示，而且第一次试射在1990年进行。东风-11完全符合1987年导弹技术控制制度（MTCR）的规范，限制外销递送系统和相关技术用于负载超过500公斤射程超过300公里能力的系统。

The development of an improved variant designated DongFeng 11A began in 1993 under the support of the PLA. In addition to the extended range of over 500km, the missile is highlighted by its greater accuracy achieved by using a combined INS/GPS guidance system. The first test launch took place successfully on 6 October 1997. However, during the second test launch few days after, the missile lost control shortly after lifting off. The failure caused a major setback in the DongFeng 11A programme, with the missile’s certification postponed to mid-1998. The missile was commissioned possibly in 1999, with a tactical missile brigade activated in the Nanjing Military Region.

在1993年命名为东风-11A的改进型在PLA支持下开始发展。导弹延长射程超过500公里，导弹联合使用INS/GPS制导系统实现突出的精度。第一次试射在1997年10月6日成功地进行。然而，在几天之后第二次试射，导弹在升空后不久失去控制。这次失败引起东风-11A计划的一个主要挫折，导弹鉴定延期到1998年中期。导弹可能在1999年服役，在南京军区一个战术导弹旅部署。

The DongFeng 11A was intended to be deployed by ground forces as a conventional long-range weapon to fulfil the gap in firing range between an artillery rocket system (50~100km) and a strategic surface-to-surface missile (over 600km). Nanjing Military Region deployed the PLA’s first operational DongFeng 11 missile brigade (with 20~30 missile launch systems) in the late 1990s. The 2007 US DoD Report to the Congress estimated that by 2007 a total of 575~625 DongFeng 11 missiles and 110~130 launcher systems could have been deployed, most of which are located near the Taiwan Strait.

东风-11A预计被地面部队部署当作一种常规远程武器去填补在火箭炮系统（50~100公里）和战略地对地导弹（超过600公里）之间的火力间隙。南京军区在1990年部署了PLA第一个可操作东风-11导弹旅（具有20~30套导弹发射系统）。2007年美国DoD对国会报告估计2007年之前应该能够已经部署总数575~625枚东风-11导弹和110~130发射系统，大部位于台湾海峡附近。

Design

The DongFeng 11 is a road-mobile, single-stage, solid-propellant, short-range ballistic missile. The basic variant DongFeng 11 has a range of 280~350km and delivers a single-warhead of 500kg. The improved DongFeng 11A has an extended range of over 500~700km. As well as conventional high-explosive (HE) warhead, the missile may also be able to carry unconventional warhead such as fuel-air explosive (FAE), sub-munitions, and chemical agents. It may also be able to carry tactical nuclear warhead of 2~20kT yield.

设计

DF-11是一种公路-机动、单级、固体推进剂、近程弹道导弹。基本型DF-11射程280~350公里并且递送500公斤的一枚单一弹头，改进的DF-11A增加射程超过500~700公里。采用常规的高爆（HE）弹头，导弹也许也能够携带非常规弹头，像是燃料-空气弹药（FAE），子母弹和化学弹头。它可能也能够携带2~20 kT当量战术核弹头。

The basic variant DongFeng 11 uses an inertial guidance + terminal radar guidance, giving a circular error probability (CEP) of 500~600m . The improved DongFeng 11A uses inertial/GPS guidance system with optical correlation terminal targeting, resulting in an greater accuracy of below 200m CEP. The missile has four large stabilising fins at the bottom as well as four small fins in the mid-section for corrections at the final phase of the flight.

基本型DF-11采用惯性制导+终点雷达制导，具有500~600米的圆概率误差（CEP）。改进型DF-11A采用惯性/全球定位制导系统和光学相关末制导，由此获得小于200米圆概率误差（CEP）的更高精度。导弹在弹体底部有四个较大稳定翼和在弹体中部有四个小稳定翼用于在飞行末段修正。

DongFeng 11 TEL vehicle (Chinese Internet)

The missile is launched from a 8X8 WS2400 transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle, to provide full road and cross-country mobility. The vehicle was developed by Wanshan Special Vehicle Manufactory, a Sanjiang subordinate company, in the early 1980s based on the Russian MAZ543 TEL vehicle.

导弹从一辆8X8 WA2400运输-起竖-发射（TEL）车辆上发射，提供全公路和越野机动。在1980年早期车辆由三江（Sanjiang）下属的万山（Wanshan）特种车辆制造厂基于俄国MAZ543 TEL车辆发展。

The Export of the DongFeng 11/M-11 Technology

In 1992 US satellites provided images showing M-11 missile canisters being delivered at Sargodha air base near Lahore, Pakistan. The Clinton administration concluded that China may have already transferred the M-11 missile system and its technology to Pakistan, though no direct evidence was provided. In August 1993 the US announced its sanction against China for selling missile components to Pakistan that were barred under the MTCR. As a result of this sanction, US-made sensitive high-tech equipment and components were banned from being sold to China, and Chinese space industry were banned from launching US-made commercial satellites for foreign customers. This sanction was lifted in 1994.

DongFeng 11/M-11技术输出

在1992年美国卫星提供了图像，显示在巴基斯坦拉合尔（Lahore）附近的萨果达（Sargodha）空军基地正在交付M-11导弹集装箱。虽然没有直接的证据被提供，克林顿政府得出结论中国可能已经转移M-11导弹系统和它的技术到巴基斯坦。在1993年8月美国宣布对中国制裁，在MTCR条约禁止之下反对中国向巴基斯坦出售导弹零件。由于这一个制裁结果，美国制造的敏感高科技设备和零件被禁止卖到中国，而且中国航天工业禁止为国外客户发射美国制造的商业卫星。这一个制裁在1994年被解除。

Pakistan developed Shaheen-I and Shaheen-II missile systems on the basis of the M-11 design, but with a much extended range (600~700km). A further 30 to 50 missiles and TEL vehicles may have been delivered to Iran in 1995 with the objective of setting up a final assembly and maybe even full production capability, but this report cannot be confirmed. It is possible that Iran may obtained some M-11 missile technology from other sources to develop its own solid-fuel mobile missile system.

巴基斯坦以M-11设计为基础发展了Shaheen-1和Shaheen-2导弹系统，但是具有一个更远的延长射程（600~700公里）。更进一步的30枚到50枚导弹和TEL车辆可能已经在1995年交付到伊朗，目的是建立一个最后装配和也许甚至完全生产能力，但是这一个报告不能够被确认。

Additionally Iran has also developed its own indigenous SRBM systems which appears to be similar to the M-11.

很可能地，伊朗可能获得了来自其它来源的一些M-11导弹技术发展它自己的固体燃料机动导弹系统。

Specifications

Official name: DongFeng 11 (DF-11)
Export name: M-11
NATO reporting name: CSS-7
Contractor: CASIC Sanjiang Space Group (Base 066)
Service status: In service
Configuration: Single-stage, solid propellant
Deployment: Road mobile, 6X6 tractor truck + six-wheel trailer; or silo
Length: 7.5m (DF-11); 8.5m (DF-11A)
Diameter: 0.8m
Launch weight: 4,200kg
Warhead: 500kg HE
Range: 280~350km (DF-11); >500km (DF-11A)
Accuracy: CEP 500~600m (DF-11); <200m (DF-11A)
Launch preparation time: 15~30 min

规格

正式命名： 东风-11（DF-11）
外销命名： M-11
北约代号： CSS-7
承包商： 中国航天科工集团公司（CASIC）三江航天集团（066基地）
服役状态： 服役中
结构： 单级，固体推进剂
配置： 公路机动，6X6 牵引卡车 + 六轮拖车；或发射井
长度： 7.5 米（DF-11）；8.5 米（DF-11A）
直径： 0.8 米
发射重量： 4,200 公斤
弹头： 500 公斤 HE
射程： 280~350 公里（DF-11）；>500 公里（DF-11A）
精度： CEP 500~600 米（DF-11）；<200 米（DF-11A）
发射准备时间： 15~30 分钟

Last update: 18 February 2009
最后更新： 2009年2月18日