HQ-3（Hongqi-3）Air defense missile

中国“红旗”（HQ-3，Hongqi）-3号防空导弹

Date:2020-04-06 Source:wikia By:Globalmil Viewed:
 
In mid-60s, the American SR-71 high performance reconnaissance plane covered China, flying at an altitude of 27-30 km, and a speed of lOOOm/s. In order to strengthen the attacking capability to this high altitude high speed target, the CSC decided in August 1965 to speed up the development of high altitude high speed Hongqi-3 missile. On the 29th October 1965, the COSTND held a concept disscussion meeting, at which the development concept and tactic-technical settings of Hongqi-3 missile were determined and the No.2 RA of the 7th Ministry of Machine Building was assigned to undertake this development work. Wu Zhan and Chen Huaijin were appointed Chief Designers consecutively and Wu Beisheng was appointed Deputy Chief Designer.
1960年中期，美国SR-71型高性能侦察机在中国境内飞行，飞行高度为27-30公里，速度为1000米/秒。为了增强对这种高空高速目标的攻击能力，CSC于1965年8月决定加快发展高空高速红旗-3型导弹。1965年10月29日，COSTND召开了一次概念讨论会，确定了红旗-3号导弹的发展概念和战术技术背景，并指派了第七机械部第二研究院工作。Wu Zhan和 Chen Huaijin分别被任命为首席设计师，Wu Beisheng被任命为副首席设计师。
 
In order to meet the tactic-technical requirements of Hongqi-3 missile, the No.2 RA of the 7th Ministry of Machine Building adopted 79 items of new technologies during the development, among which 33 items were for the missile, aimed at enlarging the air zone, improving high altitude manoeuvrability, strengthening anti-jamming capability and increasing killing and damaging effectiveness; 39 items were for the guidance station, aimed at improving anti-jamming performance of the weapon system, increasing operational distance and measuring accuracy and, seven items were for the ground equipment, aimed at improving application and operation performance.
为了满足红旗3号导弹的战术技术要求，第七机械部第二研究院在研制过程中采用了79项新技术，其中33项用于导弹，旨在扩大空域，提高高空机动性，增强抗干扰能力，提高杀伤力和破伤效率； 39个项目用于制导站，旨在改善武器系统的抗干扰性能，增加操作距离和测量精度，还有7个项目用于地面设备，以提高应用和运行性能。
 
Hongqi-3 missile weapon system had incorporated a lot of newly developed items. 28 organizations which participated the work were from the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th Ministries of Machine Building and Air Force. Actually the country wide cooperation was organized for it.
红旗3号导弹武器系统已经纳入了许多新开发的项目。第一、第三、第四、第五、第七机械工业部和空军28个单位参加了这项工作。 实际上，为此开展了全国范围的合作。
 
No.2 RA had listed Hongqi-3 as its key development task and the 2nd Department concentrated most of its technical forces on the system design of Hongqi-3 missile. During the concept design of the missile, they mainly solved the problems of improving missile^ manoeuvrability at high altitude and the matching effectiveness of fuse and warhead against the high speed target. In the control system design, in order to solve the technical problem caused by the increased operational altitude, anti-saturation measures were adopted in the autopilot loop to strengthen the anti-jamming capability to side angle undulation; fairly large corrections were carried out on dynamic compensation, so that the compensation accuracy was increased and the missile reached a high accuracy of shooting. The emulation test with semi-actual object was completed, which was actually quite difficult, and it included coordinate cabinet of the guidance station, instruction calculation facility and the missile-borne autopilot.
第二研究院将红旗3号列为主要发展任务并且第二研究院将其大部分技术力量集中在红旗3号导弹的系统设计上。在导弹的概念设计中，他们主要解决了提高导弹在高空的机动性以及引信和战斗部对高速目标的匹配效果的问题。在控制系统设计中，为解决因操作高度增加而引起的技术问题，在自动驾驶仪回路中采用了防饱和措施，以增强对侧偏角波动的抗干扰能力。对动态补偿进行了相当大的修正，从而提高了补偿精度，达到了设计要求提高了导弹的射击精度。完成了对半实物的仿真试验，这实际上是相当困难的，它包括制导站的坐标柜，指令计算设备和导弹自动驾驶仪。
 
Institute No.23 undertook the development of guidance station, which consisted of guidance radar and interception radar. The guidance radar was modified on the basis of Hongqi-2 guidance radar by adopting more than 20 items of technical measures, which included enlarging illuminating antenna, adding reference data magnifier and reconnaissance display. The interception radar was based on Song-9A radar and updated by such measures as increasing the diameter of antenna and transmission power, adopting automatic ranging, route data auto-calculation and the synchronized rotation with the guidance radar, by which the operation distance and measuring accuracy of the guidance station were raised, anti-jamming capability of target wave guide and missile wave guide were strengthened. During the development, the technical management was strengthened, the responsible persons at each level were appointed and the initiatives of the scientific personnel were brought to full play. Zhang Tong, Lu Guochun and Cui Ying had made effective achievements on general system test and antenna design. By the second quarter of 1966, sample joining test of guidance radar and calibration flight test of interception radar were completed, which showed that all technical parameters had met design requirement and functional distance was more than 100 km.
第23研究所承担了制导站的研制工作，制导站由制导雷达和拦截雷达组成。在红旗2号制导雷达的基础上，对制导雷达进行了修改，采取了增大照射天线，增加基准数据放大和搜索显示等20多项技术措施。拦截雷达是基于Song-9A雷达，并通过增加天线直径和发射功率，采用自动测距，路线数据自动计算以及与制导雷达同步旋转等措施进行更新，从而实现了操作距离和测量。提高了制导台的精度，增强了目标波导和导弹波导的抗干扰能力。在开发过程中，加强了技术管理，任命了各级负责人，充分发挥了科研人员的积极性。Zhang Tong、Lu Guochun和Cui Ying 在通用系统测试和天线设计方面取得了有效的成绩。到1966年第二季度，制导雷达的抽样试验和拦截雷达的校准飞行试验完成，表明所有技术参数均达到设计要求，功能距离超过100公里。
 
Five Institutes of Np.20, N0.21, No.22, No.24 and No.27 of No.2 RA undertook the development of missile and missile-borne equipment. Later these Institutes were moved to Shanghai, where the development work was continued.
第二研究院的第20、第21、第22、第24和第27五个研究所进行了导弹和导弹载具的开发。后来这些研究所被转移到上海，在那里继续进行开发工作。
 
In the development of Hongqi-3 missile, because the development procedures had not been followed, omitting the stage of independent loop remote measuring missile, the flight test of closed loop remote measuring was conducted directly in May 1966 and the test failed due to the fact that the missile broken up in the flight. The reason of this failure was that the missile was flying under the overload condition after its rudder surface had been increased. This lesson was beneficial for people to realize that developing the ground-to-air missile should follow the development procedures.
红旗3号导弹研制过程中，由于没有遵循研制程序，省略了独立回路遥测导弹阶段，于1966年5月直接进行了闭环遥测飞行试验，由于导弹在飞行中解体，试验失败。失败的原因是导弹舵面增大后，在过载状态下飞行。这一教训有利于人们认识到，地空导弹的研制应遵循研制程序。
 
In July 1966, the 7th Ministry of Machine Building organized overall checking on development concept of Hongqi-3 missile system, control loop data was adjusted, flying speed at end phase was increased by using dual thrust liquid engine, killing probability was raised and anti-jamming performance was improved by adopting bigger power double-frequency responder. At the sametime, the sharing of development work was further adjusted. It was clarified that Facotry No.786 was responsible for the transmission and receiving vehicle of the guidance station with participation of No.2 RA; Shanghai Wiring Factory was responsible for the display and command launching vehicles; Shanghai Broadcasting Equipment Factory was responsible for the coordinate vehicle; Xinxin Machinery Factory and Institute No.21 were responsible for the solid rocket engine; Institute No.20 was responsible for solving the problem about elastic vibration of the missile .body and the No.2 Division and Institute No.20 were responsible for general system design of the target missile. It was also decided that a management team was formed by Zhang Yu, Wu Zhongying, Chen Huaijin and Liu Congjun for the development work of Hongqi-3 missile.
1966年7月，第七工业部组织对红旗3号导弹系统的研制方案进行了全面检查，调整了控制回路数据，采用双推力液体发动机提高了末段飞行速度，采用大功率双频应答器，提高了杀伤概率，提高了抗干扰性能。同时，进一步调整了开发工作的分担。明确指出，第2研究院参加第786工厂负责的制导站的发送和接收车辆；上海配线厂负责显示和指挥发射车辆。上海广播器材厂负责协调车辆。固体火箭发动机由新鑫机械厂和第21研究所负责。第20研究所负责解决导弹的弹性振动问题。本部、第2和第20研究所负责目标导弹的总体系统设计。还决定由Zhang Yu,，Wu Zhongying，Chen Huaijin和 Liu Congjun组成管理小组，负责红旗3号导弹的研制工作。


During the period of developing Hongqi-3 missile, altogether 9 flight tests had been conducted in Northwest Comprehensive Missile Testing Base from Jan. 1966 to the end of 1969. Totally 23 missiles were launched, including 1 dummy missile, 5 independent loop missiles and 17 closed loop missiles. Test results showed that successes were gained for the Hongqi-3 missile on the aspects of enlarged air zone, improving guidance accuracy and the matching between fuse and warhead. But some problems had also been discovered and needed to be solved.
研制红旗3号导弹期间，自1966年1月至1969年底，在西北综合导弹试验基地共进行了9次飞行试验。共发射了23枚导弹，其中包括1枚模拟导弹，5枚独立回路导弹和17枚闭环导弹。试验结果表明，红旗3号导弹在扩大空域，提高制导精度和引信与战斗部匹配方面取得了成功。但也发现了一些问题，需要解决。
 
The ground-to-air missile test division of the Northwest Comprehensive Missile Testing Base, preparing seriously and organizing carefully, had solved a lot of difficult problems concerning test technology and, guaranteed the completion of Hongqi-3 missile test. For example, in view of the progress of developing guidance station lagging behind the progress of the missile development, they had put forward the concept of modifying Hongqi-2 guidance station for Hongqi-3 missile test, adopted 21 items of technical measures and completed the modification.
西北综合导弹试验基地地空导弹试验部，认真准备，精心组织，解决了许多试验技术难题，保证了红旗3号导弹试验的完成。例如，鉴于发展制导站的进度落后于导弹发展的进度，他们提出了改型红旗2制导站进行红旗3导弹试验的构想，采取了21项技术措施，完成了改造。
 
The flight test showed that the guidance process was fine and the encountering data met the requirement, which not only reached the purpose of conducting test ahead of schedule, but also opened a road for the commonality of the guidance station. As for the problem about counter-control of missile rudder, which had been discovered in the test of independent loop missile, they conducted the emulation test on the site, successfully adjusted the rudder shaft position and solved the counter-control problem. Liu Yuanhui had discovered the rolling problem at high altitude during the test, and confirmed that the rolling was caused by uneven distribution of missile longitudinal load after analysis and certifying by test. This result provided reference for successive design. Wu Shunhe created the method for filling 15 powder charges. The solving of these problems had quickened the progress of the test of Hongqi-3 missile.
飞行试验表明，制导过程良好，遇到的数据符合要求，不仅达到了提前进行试验的目的，而且为制导站的通用性开辟了道路。对于在独立回路导弹试验中发现的导弹舵反控制问题，他们在现场进行了仿真测试，成功地调整了舵轴的位置，解决了反控制问题。Liu Yuanhui在试验中发现了高空滚转问题，并经分析验证后确认是导弹纵向载荷分布不均引起的，该结果为后续设计提供参考。Wu Shunhe 发明了15种火药装药的方法。这些问题的解决加快了红旗3号导弹的试验进度。
 
According to the decision made by the State Council and CMC, the complete development work for Hongqi-3 missile had been transferred to Shanghai No.2 Bureau of Machinery and Electronics starting from August 1968 and Liu Congjun was appointed Chief of this project. The 2nd Division of No.2 RA and Institute No.23 had selected 140 technical personnel to join the development work in Shanghai.
根据国务院和中央军委的决定，自1968年8月起，红旗3号导弹的全部研制工作已移交给上海市第二机电局， Liu Congjun被任命为该项目负责人。第二研究院第2所和第23所选派了140名技术人员加入上海的研发工作。
 
From July to September 1970, the flight test of design certification for Hongqi-3 missile had been conducted at the ground-to-air missile testing base, for which eight missiles were launched, three of them had bigger missing distance. After adjusting data of the missile and the guidance station, five more missiles were launched continuously, two of which failed because of reliability and the other three missiles7 missing distance had met the requirement of guidance accuracy. During the period of May and June 1974, the interception test of Hongqi-3 missile against Tuqiang-1 high altitude-high speed target missile had been conducted at the ground-to-air missile testing base, in order to check the performance; of Tuqiang-1 high altitude-high speed target missile and the possibility of Hongqi-3 missile intercepting against high altitude-high speed aircraft and air-to-ground missile.
1970年7月至9月，在地空导弹试验基地进行了红旗3号导弹设计认证飞行试验，发射了8枚导弹，其中3枚脱靶量较大。在调整了导弹和制导站的数据后，又连续发射了五枚导弹，其中两枚由于可靠性问题而失败，另外三枚导弹脱靶量满足了制导精度的要求。1974年5月和6月，在地空导弹试验基地进行了红旗3型导弹对图强-1号高空高速目标导弹的拦截试验，以检验其性能；以及红旗3号导弹拦截高空高速飞机和空对地导弹的可能性。
 
The test was carried out under the leadership of the Base Deputy Director Wang Zhanlin and Deputy Chief of Staff Qi Quanxin, the intense and good order pre-test preparations were carried out at the same time in two temporary launching sites which were separated by 176 km. On the 12th June, the interception test was conducted according to the plan. One target missile was launched on time, after acqusition, the guidance station held a stable track of the target. Two Hongqi-3 missile were launched at the suitable time continuously, the target missile was shot down by the first missile.
该试验是在基地副主任Wang Zhanlin和参谋长Qi Quanxin的领导下进行的，密集和井井有条的试验前准备工作是在两个相距176公里的临时发射场同时进行的。6月12日，根据计划进行了拦截试验。一枚目标导弹按时发射，在捕获后，制导站保持了对目标的稳定跟踪。在适当的时间连续发射了两枚红旗3号导弹，第一枚导弹击落了目标导弹。
 
The test indicated that Hongqi-3 missile weapon system had the capacity of intercepting high altitude-high speed flying vehicle and the performance of Tuqiang-1 guided target had met (he requirement of high altitude-high speed target. Until then, the development and test of Hongqi-3 missile had gone through complete procedures, which marked that the science and technology force of the Chinese ground-to-air missile had possessed the capability of self design, manufacture and test of the first generation ground-to-air missile weapon system.
试验表明，红旗3号导弹武器系统具有拦截高空高速飞行器的能力，图强-1号制导目标的性能（对高空高速目标的要求）达到要求。 红旗3号导弹的试验已经完成计划，标志着中国地空导弹的科技力量具备第一代地空导弹武器系统的自主设计，制造和试验能力。
 
补充资料：一、《神秘的中国“红旗”3防空导弹》 来源：兵器知识
 
1、根据U-2飞机在中国和苏联屡屡被击落和越南战场的经验教训，美国洛克希德•马丁公司于1963年2月开始研制，1964年12月首飞，1966年1月交付使用了SR-71“黑鸟”高空高速侦察机。我方在得知这一确切情报后，准确判断：将来美方一定会用这种飞机对我国进行侦察，未雨绸缪，及时向国防部五院（即老五院，导弹研究院，副院长是钱学森先生）下达了研制对付“黑鸟”的红旗-3号地空导弹计划，刘从军（原航天科工集团二院院长）临危受命出任红旗-3的总设计师。
2、当时周总理亲自过问此事。1965年8月提出方案，在已经熟悉掌握仿苏萨姆-2生产红旗-2号地空导弹的基础上，加以改进提高各项技术性能（射速、射高、射距、抗干扰及指挥控制雷达系统），以后的事实证明，这是一个最佳方案，做到了真正的快、好、省。
要提高红旗-3号的各项性能，最主要就是要增加红旗-3号的推力。红旗-2号原有的固体火箭助推器装有14根各重约20千克的双基发射药药柱，我们增加了两根同规格的药柱，有效地提高了红旗-3号的初速。红旗-2原有的液体燃料发动机使用的四氧化二氮（氧化剂）和偏二甲肼（燃烧剂），在当时在没有比冲更大的液体燃料的情况下，科研人员经过精确计算，加大了燃料箱容积，增加了燃料携带量，使发动机工作时间有效延长。原有的红旗-2号液体燃料发动机采用的是过氧化氢加催化剂产生蒸汽推动的涡轮加压泵（该泵的作用如同汽车发动机油泵）。通过涡轮加压泵喷射到燃烧室的液体燃料压力越高，其发动机产生的推力也就越大，我们对涡轮泵也做了改进，提高了工作压力。通过这三项主要的改革措施，使红旗-3号的最大射高达27千米以上，速度也超过3M，射距也比红旗-2有了较大的提高。由于红旗-3是在红旗-2号的基础上发展起来的，所以外形变化不大，只是弹体粗了一点，外行人是看不出来的。
3、导弹的制导是个大问题，当时的地空导弹在飞行过程中一直是受地面控制的，只是到了弹上雷达捕捉到目标以后，才和地面控制系统脱离，而这时导弹已处于2万多米的高空，空气稀薄再加上各种扰动因素，导弹往往摇摆不定，直接影响射击精度。科研人员针对这些情况作了相应的技术改进，稳住了导弹。另外一个就是抗干扰问题，在萨姆-2、红旗-2与U-2飞机较量的几年中，干扰和反干扰一直是个主要问题。中国从事这方面的研究由来已久了，每当击落U-2飞机时，军方、五院和有关生产科研单位，总是要仔细研究U-2残骸上的各种干扰设备（未及自毁的），找出相应反制措施。据不完全统计，前后研究出的主要反干扰措施达十几种之多。所以在研制红旗-3的过程中，研制单位把各种行之有效的反干扰措施应用进来。
4、以往红旗-2号使用的靶标有两种，一种是从苏联引进的在退役的米格-15战斗机上安装信标机，在遥控飞行的情况下，供导弹打靶，还有一种使用降落伞悬挂靶袋供导弹打靶。对这两种靶子，空军均不认可，主要原因就是速度和高度。米格-15靶机飞机速度不过八九百千米/小时，高度也就万把米，悬挂靶几乎是静态的，高度也很有限，空军认为这都不能真实反映“黑鸟”的飞行状况。当时国内也没高速靶机可用。为了解决这一问题，研究人员伤透了脑筋，最后决定采用红旗-3号作为靶机，来它个以弹打弹，这在当时世界上也是绝无仅有的。刘从军的团队先后研制出了图强-1号和图强-2号两种靶弹，前者效果不好，采用图强-2号效果很好了，该弹可在上升至27千米以后，改为平飞，其时速达到M3.5，完全符合“黑鸟”的飞行状况。
 
二、《红旗3号防空导弹》来源：互联网论坛
研发单位：七机部二院，上海机电二局
研制时间：1966年7月
射程：近程导弹
弹长：3.99米
弹径：0.286米
弹重：310千克
射程：42千米
 
红旗-3号地空导弹是我国于20世纪70年代，在红旗-2号基础上研发的一款以高空高速目标为打击对象的陆基防空导弹，在完成定型后曾少量装备部队，在80年代初停止研发。红旗-3号弹采用两级火箭发动机，一级发动机为固体助推段，二级主发动机采用液体燃料。战斗部为破片杀伤式，重84公斤，爆炸后可产生破片约3600多块，杀伤半径50米。发射系统由倾斜式发射架，雷达制导站，及相应配套车辆组成，系统复杂，发射准备时间长，野战机动性不足，在定型的时候已经明显落后。该弹采用全程指令式制导，单发杀伤概率为70%，适于要地防空和野战防空，可攻击地面目标。

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