HQ-9/FD-2000 anti-aircraft missile systems

February 12, 2010: Iran, in response to Russia's refusal to deliver S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems it bought several years ago, announced that it had gone ahead and designed its own, which will have similar capabilities as the S-300. Now Iran regularly announces it has designed and built modern weapons (which it cannot buy because of three decades of embargos). These weapons rarely show up, although some are seen in prototype form. Meanwhile, the S-300, and similar systems, have not been delivered because Western nations have told Russia and China that if they arm Iran with modern weapons, there will be consequences.

2010年2月12日：伊朗对俄国拒绝交付订购几年之久的S-300型防空系统后做出反应，表示将先行一步和设计它自己的，将会类似S-300型的能力。现在伊朗经常宣布它已经设计和制造现代化的武器（因为至今三年多的武器禁运无法够买）。这些武器很少展示，尽管一些以原型形式被看到。同时，S-300和类似系统，没有被交付因为西方国家已经告诉俄国和中国，如果他们用现代化武器武装伊朗，将会有严重后果。

But an "Iranian" S-300 might be more likely. That's because last year, Iran sought to purchase the Chinese made HQ-9 anti-aircraft missile system. China buys a lot of oil from Iran, and is considered an ally. China is believed to have secretly supplied Iran with a lot of military technology. By not delivering actual weapons, China avoids a confrontation with angry Western nations.

但是“伊朗版”S-300可能更容易些。因为去年，伊朗购买中国制造的HQ-9防空导弹系统。中国从伊朗购买大量石油，被认为是盟友。中国据信秘密提供给伊朗许多军事技术。由于没有提供实际上的武器，中国避免触动西方国家。

China has been offering its HQ-9 system to foreign customers, as the FD-2000, for several years now. The Russians are not happy with this, given the amount of stolen S-300 technology believed to be in the HQ-9. Russia has been pointed in warning China not to export weapons containing stolen Russian tech. But the Chinese have done it, apparently believing there's really nothing the Russians can do about it. China, in this case, may have followed past practice and quietly sold Iran the technology for the FD-2000, and let them build their own, and call it whatever they want.

中国已经对外国客户提供HQ-9防空系统，称为FD-2000型，达几年之久。俄国对此感到不满，认为实际上HQ-9中包含未经许可的S-300技术。俄国已经警告中国方面不要在外销武器中包含未经许可的俄国技术。但是中国已经这么做，显然相信在这里确实不存在问题俄国能做什么。中国，既然这样，可能已经向伊朗销售用于FD-2000型的技术，而且让他们制造他们自己的，而且他们称为什么都无所谓。

A decade ago, China began introducing the HQ-9 for use by its army and navy (on ships). Over a decade of development was believed to have benefitted from data stolen from similar American and Russian systems. The HQ-9 missile is similar to the U.S. "Patriot," while the radar apparently derived much technology from that used in the Russian S-300 system. The HQ-9 missile has a max range of about 100 kilometers, weighs 1.3 tons and has a passive (no broadcasting) seeker in the missile.

在十年以前，中国推出HQ-9用于陆军和海军（舰载）使用。十年的发展据信已经受益于从美国和俄国类似系统非正常途径获得的资料。HQ-9导弹与美国“爱国者”类似，同时雷达显然地得获得大量在俄国S-300系统中使用的技术。HQ-9导弹最大射程大约100公里，重量1.3吨而且有无源（无电磁波）导弹搜索头。

Most of the systems used by the army are mobile. Army HQ-9 brigades have a brigade headquarters (with a command vehicle, and four trucks for communications and maintenance), six battalions (each with a missile control vehicle, a targeting radar vehicle, a search radar vehicle and eight missile-launch-vehicles, each carrying four missiles in containers).

大部分陆军使用的系统可机动。陆军HQ-9旅有一个旅总部（使用一辆指挥车和四辆卡车用于通信和维护），六个营（各自有一辆导弹控制车、一辆瞄准雷达车、一辆搜索雷达车和八辆导弹运输发射车，每辆携带四枚导弹）。

Neither the S-300 or HQ-9 have been tested in combat. Most earlier Russian designed air defense systems performed poorly in combat. Even the Russian SA-6 missile systems, that Egypt used in 1973, which were initially a surprise to the Israelis, were soon countered, and did not stop the Israelis from getting through. While the best sales technique is to push the products track record, you have to do just the opposite with Russian anti-aircraft missiles. Thus the Russians, and now the Chinese with their FD-2000, emphasize low price, impressive specifications, good test results and potential.

S-300或HQ-9没有在实战中测试。大量早期俄国设计的防空系统在实战中性能低下。甚至在1973年埃及使用俄国SA-6型导弹系统，开始以色列感到惊讶，但很快被反击，而且没有阻止以色列人通过。虽然最好销售技术是去推动产品记录，你所要做的恰恰与俄罗斯防空导弹相反。因此对俄国来说，现在中国对他们的FD-2000强调低价格、给人深刻印象的规格，好的测试结果和潜力。