J-31 prototype
J-31原型
 

Role Stealth multirole fighter

National origin China

Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation

Designer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation

First flight 31 October 2012[1]

Introduction 2018-19 (estimated)

Status Flight testing

Number built 3 prototypes

角色　隐形多功能战机

生产国　中国

制造商　沈阳飞机公司

设计　沈阳飞机公司

首飞　2012年10月31日

引进　2018年-19年（估计）

状态　飞行测试

制造数量　3架原型

 

The Shenyang J-31(or "FC-31 fifth Generation Multi-Purpose Medium Fighter") also known as the "Gyrfalcon" (鹘鹰), or "Falcon Hawk" by some military enthusiasts,is a twin-engine, mid-size fifth-generation jet fighter currently under development by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. The fighter has also been referred to as the "F-60" or "J-21 Snowy Owl" (雪鸮) in some media reports.Its official name is Shenyang FC-31; J-xx nomenclatures in the Chinese military are reserved to programs launched and financed by the army, while this plane was developed by a state-owned company.

沈阳歼-31型（或“FC-31第五代多用途中型战斗机”）也被称为“鹘鹰”（Gyrfalcon），或被一些军事爱好者称为“隼鹰”，是目前由沈阳飞机公司发展的一种双发中型第五代战斗机。在一些媒体的报道中战斗机也被称为“F-60”或“J21 雪鸮”（Snowy Owl）。它的正式名称是沈阳FC-31型；中国军方的J-xx命名法则是由军队发起和资助的方案保留的，而这架飞机是由国有公司开发的。

 

Development

发展

 

A photo of a model labeled F-60 was posted on the Internet in September 2011.In June 2012, photos and camera video clips started to emerge on internet about a heavily overwrapped possible F-60 prototype being road-transferred on a highway, earning the nickname "the zongzi plane" (粽子机) among Chinese netizens, though some suspect it of merely being a L-15 trainer aircraft.Pictures of a possibly fully assembled aircraft parking on an airfield emerged on September 15–16, 2012.The F-60 is reported to be the export version, where the J-31 would be the domestic Chinese version of the same fighter.Chinese aviation expert Xu Yongling has called the J-31 an export-oriented low-end latest generation warplane.

一张标有F-60型号的照片于2011年9月在互联网上公布。2012年6月，照片和摄像视频剪辑在互联网上开始出现涉及一架大量缠绕包裹疑似F-60原型机在高速公路上转运，赢得中国网民“粽子机”（the zongzi plane）的昵称，虽然有人怀疑这只是一架L-15型教练机。2012年9月15日至16日，可能完全组装的飞机机在场上停放图片出现。 F-60据报道是出口型，其中J-31将是同一种战机的国内型号。中国航空专家徐勇凌（Xu Yongling）称J-31一种外销低端最新一代战机。

 

Flight testing

飞行测试

 

The prototype conducted a high-speed taxiing test and briefly became airborne. On 31 October 2012, prototype No. 31001 conducted the model's maiden flight.It was accompanied by two J-11 fighters in a ten-minute test flight with its landing gear lowered.

原型机进行了高速滑行测试和短暂起降。2012年10月31日，31001号原型进行了该型号的首飞，两架J-11型战机伴飞在十分钟的试飞中未收起起落架。

 

With the maiden test flight of the prototype No.31001 on October 31, 2012, China became the second nation after the 1991 Advanced Tactical Fighter fly off, to have two stealth fighter designs in field-testing at the same time.The aircraft has continued a limited test program, with footage emerging of further flights which took place in February 2013.

随着2012年10月31日编号31001号原型的首次飞行试验后，中国成为自1991年后“先进战术战斗机”（指F-22）飞行后的第二个国家，拥有两种隐形战斗机设计同时在现场测试。该飞机继续进行有限的测试计划，其中2013年2月出现了进行进一步飞行的影像。

 

Public unveiling

公开亮相

 

A 1/4 scale model of the J-31 was shown at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition 2012, hinting at a desire to offer the aircraft for export, as an alternative for those countries that cannot purchase the F-35.

2012年中国国际航空航天展览会上展示了J-31的1/4尺寸模型，暗示有意为出口提供飞机，作为不能购买F-35国家的一种替代型号。

 

The J-31 airframe was publicly unveiled on November 12, 2014 at Zhuhai Airshow.In TV broadcast of the unveiling, AVIC chairman Lin Zuoming claimed that funding for the aircraft came entirely from the company, with no input from military.

J-31整机于2014年11月12日在珠海航展上公开亮相。中航工业公司董事长林左鸣（Lin Zuoming ）在电视直播中称，飞机的资金完全来自公司，没有军方投入。

The J-31 airframe was publicly unveiled on November 12, 2014 at Zhuhai Airshow.
J-31整机于2014年11月12日在珠海航展上公开亮相。

 

As typical in flight displays of fighter jets, afterburners were engaged throughout the maneuvers. Nevertheless, Western media claimed it to be evidence of aerodynamic inefficiencies, concluding that the aircraft "bleeds a lot of energy and the pilot had a hard time keeping the nose up." Flights were done when the jet was "clean," so results would be worse when fitted with a combat loadout. However, a large-scale model of the FC-31 on display did show some detail changes of configuration compared to the flying prototype.

在战斗机的飞行展示中，在演习中发动机自始至终打开加力。尽管如此，西方媒体声称它是空气动力学效率低下的证据，并得出结论，飞机“大量出血，飞行员难以忍受鼻子向上”。飞行要在喷气发动机“干推力”时完成，所以当配备战斗装备时，结果会更糟。然而，一个大尺寸FC-31模型与飞行原型相比显示出配置的一些细节变化。

 

At the 2015 Dubai Airshow, AVIC released more details regarding the aircraft's capabilities. The company revealed it is still looking for a partner in the aircraft project, and is actively marketing the aircraft to People's Liberation Army Air Force. AVIC's plan is to have a production model first flight by 2019.

在2015年迪拜航展期间，航空工业公司发布了有关飞机能力的更多细节。该公司透露，目前仍在寻找飞机项目的合作伙伴，并积极向人民解放军空军推销飞机。中航工业公司（AVIC）的计划生产型号在2019年前首飞。

 

Future

未来

 

Due to mixed reports from China, it is unknown as to whether the J-31 will be inducted as a naval fighter, or only intended for foreign customers.In one interview with China's state media, the J-31's chief designer Sun Cong expressed his hope that the aircraft would follow his J-15 onto China's aircraft carriers.However, officials from AVIC only said that the aircraft was intended for export as a competitor to the F-35.

由于来自中国的形形色色报道，目前尚不清楚J-31是否将被引入海军战机，还是只针对外国客户。在接受中国国家媒体采访时，J-31的首席设计师孙聪表示希望这架飞机能够跟随他的J-15型到中国的航空母舰。不过，中航工业公司的官员只是说这架飞机是出口作为F-35的竞争对手。

 

In 2015, Jiangsu A-Star Aviation Industries Company marketed its EOTS-86 infra-red search and track as a possible addition to the J-31.

2015年，江苏A-Star航空工业公司推出了EOTS-86红外搜索和追踪作为J-31的可能增加。

 

An improved prototype, with modifications to the vertical stabilizers, wings, and airframe, an electro-optical targeting system, a larger payload, improvements in stealth, and upgraded electronics, made its maiden flight in December 2016.

一架改进的原型，对垂直尾翼，机翼和机身进行了修改，一部光电瞄准系统，更大的有效载荷，改进隐形和升级电子设备，在2016年12月进行了首飞。

 

Design

设计

 

J-31 incorporates certain stealth characteristics such as forward swept intake ramps with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps and a two-piece canopy.

J-31具有一定的隐身特性，如前掠进气坡道采用无附面层隔板超音速进气（DSI）凸起和两段式座舱罩。

 

Airframe

机体

 

The J-31 is smaller than the Chengdu J-20. The use of twin-wheel nose landing gear led to speculations that the J-31 may have been intended to be a carrier based fighter.Bill Sweetman has cited several improvements to the F-35C design files the Chinese may have acquired in the J-31.Like the F-35, the J-31 has two internal weapons bays that can each carry two medium range missiles, along with two heavy hardpoints and one light hardpoint on each wing, but while it seems to have added an additional light hardpoint to each wing over the capacity of the F-35, it seems to lack the capacity of the F-35 to mount a centerline gunnery or jamming pod.

J-31比成都J-20小。使用双轮前起落架导致了J-31可能是打算成为基于舰载战机的猜测。比尔·斯卫特曼（Bill Sweetman，航空周刊(Aviation Weekly)编辑）列举了中国可能对获得的F-35C设计文件进行了几项改进应用在J-31上。像F-35，J-31有两个内部武器舱，每个都可以携带两枚中程导弹，每个机翼上有两个重硬挂点和一个轻硬挂点，但似乎每个机翼增加了一个轻硬挂点超过F-35的能力，但似乎缺乏F-35的能力来安装一个中心线外挂机炮吊舱或干扰吊舱。

 

Officials from AVIC claimed that additive manufacturing was extensively used on the aircraft, resulting in 50% reduction in components compared to similar aircraft. However, the resulting airframe cannot be disassembled, and the static test frame had to be transported in whole as a consequence.

航空工业公司的官员声称，在飞机上广泛使用叠加制造技术（又称3D打印技术），与同类飞机相比，部件减少了50％。然而，所得到的机身不能拆卸，因此静态测试架必须整体运输。

 

Engines

发动机

 

According to Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG (formerly known as the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau), the engines on the prototype aircraft are RD-93s.However, China already has an engine similar to the RD-93, the Guizhou WS-13 currently installed on the JF-17 which has the same thrust and size of the Russian RD-93. China is working on an improved variant named WS-13E with 100KN of thrust for use on the J-31. Lin Zuoming, chairman of China's AVIC, has said that he hopes to put domestic engines on the fighter.As the Chinese build up confidence in newer, more reliable and powerful domestic engines, they may be able to power the J-31 sooner than the larger J-20 and in greater numbers.

据米格俄罗斯飞机公司（原名Mikoyan-Gurevich设计局）的弗拉基米尔·巴尔科夫斯基（Vladimir Barkovsky）说，原型机上的发动机是RD-93型。然而，中国已经有一台类似RD-93型的发动机，贵州WS-13型目前安装在JF-17上，具有与俄罗斯RD-93型相同的推力和尺寸。中国正在研制一种名为WS-13E的改进型号，具有100KN的推力用于J-31。中国航空工业公司董事长林左鸣表示，他希望将国内发动机投入到战机上。随着中国人对国内更新，更可靠，更强大的发动机的信心，他们可能在动力上J-31比较大的J-20型抢先和更大的数字。

 

Payload

有效载荷

 

The J-31 can carry 8000 kg (17637 lb) of payload, with four munitions totaling 2000 kg (4409 lb) internally, and 6000 kg (13228 lb) carried on six external hardpoints; primary armaments include the PL-10 short-range missile and SD-10A medium-range air-to-air missile. It has a combat radius of 648 nmi (746 mi; 1,200 km) and a maximum take-off weight of 25,000 kg (55,000 lb).

J-31可以携带8000公斤（17637磅）的有效载荷，连同内部共计2000公斤（4409磅）四枚弹药，六个外部硬挂点装载6000公斤（13228磅）;主要武器包括PL-10短程导弹和SD-10A中程空对空导弹。战斗半径为648海里（746英里；1,200公里），最大起飞重量为25,000公斤（55,000磅）。

 

Stealth

隐形

 

The J-31 is speculated to use stealth coatings instead of "baked in" fiber-mat stealth.AVIC claimed the aircraft to be stealthy against L-band and Ku-band radars, and would be low-observable against a number of multi-spectrum sensors.

J-31被推测使用隐形涂层，而不是“烘烤”的纤维层隐形。AVIC声称飞机对L波段和Ku波段雷达是隐身的，并且对于一些多波束光谱传感器将低可观测。

 

Foreign reactions

外部反应

 

The appearance of the J-31 raised concern about a potential arms race in Asia, as some of China's neighbors pursuing the development of their own fifth generation aircraft i.e. India with their HAL AMCA and HAL FGFA, Japan with Mitsubishi X-2 and South Korea with KAI KF-X or consider purchasing the F-35 and PAK FA.

J-31的出现引起了亚洲潜在的军备竞赛的担忧，因为一些中国邻国正在开发自己的第五代飞机，印度和他们的HAL AMCA和HAL FGFA，日本的三菱X-2和韩国的KAI KF-X或考虑购买F-35和PAK FA。

 

U.S. military and industry officials believe that once the J-31 enters service, it will automatically be a match for existing fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F/A-18 Super Hornet. They suggest that the capability of the J-31 against the newest fighters, such as the American F-22 and F-35, would depend on factors such as numbers of platforms, quality of pilots, and capabilities of radars and other sensors.

美国军事和工业官员认为，一旦J-31投入使用，它将不自觉地与现有的第四代战机如F-15“鹰”式，F-16“战隼”式和F/A-18“超级黄蜂”式相提并论。他们认为J-31对最新的战机如美国F-22和F-35的能力将取决于平台数量，飞行员素质以及雷达和其他传感器的能力等因素。

 

Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG (formerly known as the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau) has stated that, despite some design flaws, the J-31 "looks like a good machine." Although it contains features already in use on the U.S. fifth generation fighter designs, it is "not a copy but a well done indigenous design."

俄罗斯米格飞机公司（以前称为Mikoyan-Gurevich设计局）的弗拉基米尔·巴尔科夫斯基（Vladimir Barkovsky）表示，尽管有一些设计缺陷，J-31“看起来像一台很好的机器”。虽然它包含了在美国第五代战斗机设计中已经使用的功能，但它不是一个仿制品，而是一个做得好的本土设计。

 

Specifications (estimated)

规格（估计）

 

Because the aircraft is in development, these specifications — based on available imagery — are approximate and preliminary.

由于飞机正在研制中，这些规格 - 基于现有的图像 - 是近似和初步的。

 

Data from Aviation Week unless otherwise attributed

来自《航空周刊》的数据，除非另有说明

 

General characteristics

一般特性

 

Crew: one (pilot)

Length: 17.3 m (56 ft 9 in) 

Wingspan: 11.5 m (37 ft 9 in)

Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)

Wing area: 40 m2 (430 sq ft)

Max takeoff weight: 28,000 kg (61,729 lb)

Powerplant: 2 × RD-93 afterburning turbofans, 85 kN (19,000 lbf) thrust each

Powerplant: 2 × WS-13 afterburning turbofans (projected upgrade)

Maximum speed: 2,200 km/h (1,367 mph; 1,188 kn)

Maximum speed: Mach 1.8

Combat range: 1,250 km (777 mi; 675 nmi) on internal fuel, or 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) with external tanks

乘员：一名（飞行员）

机长：17.3米（56英尺9英寸）

翼展：11.5米（37英尺9英寸）

机高：4.8米（15英尺9英寸）

机翼面积：40平方米（430平方英尺）

最大起飞重量：28000公斤（61729磅）

动力装置：2×RD-93加力涡扇发动机，每台推力85千牛（19000磅）

动力装置：2×WS-13加力涡扇发动机（预计升级）

最高速度：2200公里/小时（1367英里/小时；1188英里）

最高速度：1.8马赫

作战距离：1250公里（777英里；675海里）内部燃料，或2000公里（1200英里）外挂油箱 

 

Armament

武器装备

 

Hardpoints: 6 x external, and internal bay with a capacity of Up to 8,000 kilograms (18,000 lb), including 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) internally

Missiles:

Air-to-air missiles

12 x medium-range

Air-to-ground missiles:

8 x supersonic[54]

Bombs:

8 × 500 kg deep-penetration bombs[54]

30 x smaller bombs

挂载点：6 x外部，一个内置弹舱，具有达到8000公斤（18000磅）能力，其中包括内置2000公斤（4400磅）

导弹：

空对空导弹：

12 x中距

空对地导弹：

8 x超音速

炸弹：

8 x500公斤深侵彻炸弹

30 x小型炸弹

 

Avionics

航空电子设备

 

Distributed aperture system (DAS) optical early-warning system

Electro-optical targeting system (EOTS)

分布式孔径系统（DAS）光学预警系统

光电瞄准系统（EOTS）

补充资料：《歼-31》来源：百度百科