Manufacturer

Boeing Advanced Systems

制造商

波音先进系统公司

 

Operators

US Navy Air Warfare Center, US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), US Army, and US Special Operations Command (SOCOM)

操作员

美国海军空战中心、美国国防高级研究计划局、美国陆军和美国特种作战司令部

 

Fuselage Length

10.7m

机身长度

10.7米

 

Main Rotor Diameter

11.9m

主旋翼直径

11.9米

 

Take-Off Weight

1,815kg

起飞重量

1,815公斤

 

The A160 Hummingbird helicopter UAV can carry out persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, target acquisition, communications relay and precision re-supply missions.

A160“蜂鸟”直升无人机可以执行持续的情报、监视和侦察、目标捕获、通信中继和精确补给任务。

 

Boeing is building A160 Hummingbird helicopter UAVs for the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the US Special Operations Command (SOCOM).

波音公司正在为美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）和美国特种作战司令部（SOCOM）制造A160“蜂鸟”直升无人机。

 

The A160 Hummingbird has a unique optimum-speed rotor technology that significantly improves efficiency by adjusting the rotor's speed at different altitudes, gross weights and cruise speeds.

A160蜂鸟拥有独特的最佳速度旋翼技术，通过调整旋翼在不同高度、总重和巡航速度下的速度，显著提高了效率。

 

A160 Hummingbird tail rotor adjustment.

A160“蜂鸟”尾桨调整。

 

A160 Hummingbird camera installation.

A160蜂鸟“摄像头”安装。

 

The A160 Hummingbird helicopter UAV can carry out persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, target acquisition, communications relay and precision re-supply missions.

A160蜂鸟直升机无人机可以执行持续的情报、监视和侦察、目标捕获、通信中继和精确补给任务。

 

A160 Hummingbird unmanned helicopter

A160“蜂鸟”无人直升机

 

The A160 Hummingbird long-endurance helicopter UAV is capable of carrying out persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, target acquisition, communications relay and precision resupply missions. The air vehicle, with optimum-speed rotor, operates autonomously and flies at 260km/h at a maximum altitude of 9,150m, with a hover capability up to 4,570m for up to 20 hours.

A160“蜂鸟”长航时直升无人机能够执行持续的情报、监视和侦察、目标捕获、通信中继和精确补给任务。该飞行器具有最佳速度旋翼，自主运行，以260公里/小时的速度在9150米的升限高度飞行，悬停能力可达4570米，续航力长达20小时。

 

Boeing Integrated Defence Systems, advanced systems division is building three A160 Hummingbird UAVs for the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and eight for the US Special Operations Command (SOCOM).

波音综合防御系统高级系统部门正在为美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）制造三架A160“蜂鸟”无人机，为美国特种作战司令部（SOCOM）制造八架。

 

The production A160T Hummingbird, with a Pratt & Whitney PW207D turboshaft engine for increased range and longer endurance, completed its first flight in June 2007 at Boeing’s airfield in Victorville, California. Previous flight testing was carried out using a six-cylinder gasoline engine.

制造的A160T“蜂鸟”搭载普惠PW207D涡轴发动机，续航里程更长，于2007年6月在加利福尼亚州维克多维尔的波音机场完成了首次飞行。之前的飞行测试是使用六缸汽油发动机进行的。

 

A160 Hummingbird unmanned helicopter development

A160“蜂鸟”无人直升机开发

 

“The A160 Hummingbird long-endurance helicopter UAV is capable of carrying out persistent ISR missions.”

“A160蜂鸟长航时直升机无人机能够执行持续的ISR任务。”

 

In May 2008, the A160T successfully completed all 14 phase I flight test demonstrations, including: flight at a maximum speed of 263km/h (142kt), an eight-hour flight carrying a 450kg (1,000lb) payload, an 18.7-hour endurance flight with a 136kg (300lb) payload and a high-altitude hover-out-of-ground effect (HOGE) demonstration at 4,572m (15,000ft) and 6,000m (20,000ft).

2008年5月，A160T成功完成了所有14次一期飞行试验演示，包括：以263公里/小时（142kt）的最高速度飞行，携带450公斤（1000磅）有效载荷8小时飞行，携带136公斤（300磅）有效负载18.7小时耐力飞行，以及在4572米（15000英尺）和6000米（20000英尺）高空悬停离地效应（HOGE）演示。

 

The capabilities of such high-hover altitudes and payloads enable the A160 to detect slow moving targets and provide high-end detection of potential threats.

这种高悬停高度和有效载荷的能力使A160能够探测到缓慢移动的目标，并提供对潜在威胁的高端检测。

 

The vehicle’s technology and reliability will be consolidated to use the aircraft with a number of sensor programmes under an eight-month bridge phase by DARPA which ran from March 2008. The programme is continuing with an additional 60 hours of flight envelope expansion and 250 hours of ground testing.

在DARPA从2008年3月开始的为期八个月的桥接阶段，该飞行器的技术和可靠性将得到整合，以便将该飞行器与许多传感器项目一起使用。该方案继续进行，增加了60小时的飞行包线扩展和250小时的地面测试。

 

In December 2008, Boeing announced that the A160T Hummingbird had achieved the use of a two-speed transmission to change gears in flight on 25 November 2008, and that the craft had transcended the 100-flight-hour mark on 20 November 2008. These tests were conducted under the $5m bridge contract between Boeing and DARPA.

2008年12月，波音公司宣布A160T“蜂鸟”已于2008年11月25日在飞行中使用双速变速器换档，并于2008年十一月20日突破100飞行小时大关。这些测试是根据波音公司和DARPA之间价值500万美元的桥接合同进行的。

 

In October 2009, Boeing and CSC were awarded a $5bn contract by the Special Operations Forces Support Activity (SOFSA) to provide comprehensive logistics support services to US Special Operations Command. The ten-year contract will include providing maintenance and repairs, supply chain and asset management, and information technology to enhance processes and systems within SOFSA.

2009年10月，特种作战部队保障行动（SOFSA）授予波音公司和CSC一份价值50亿美元的合同，为美国特种作战司令部提供全面的后勤支持服务。这份为期十年的合同将包括提供维护和维修、供应链和资产管理以及信息技术，以增强SOFSA内的流程和系统。

 

The A160T helicopter will take part in the US Marine Corps warfighting laboratory’s immediate cargo unmanned aerial system demonstration programme.

A160T直升机将参加美国海军陆战队作战实验室的即时货运无人机系统演示计划。

 

A160 UAV programme

A160无人机项目

 

Frontier Systems based in Irvine, California, was contracted in 1998 by DARPA to develop and build a high-endurance stealthy surveillance helicopter with a target specification of endurance 30 to 48 hours, a service ceiling of 16,750m and range on internal fuel of up to 5,500km which represented a performance of typically double that of then-current rotor aircraft.

总部位于加利福尼亚州欧文市的前沿系统公司(Frontier Systems)于1998年与美国国防高级研究计划局签订合同，开发和制造一种高续航能力的隐形侦察直升机，其目标规格为续航30至48小时，实用升限为16750米，内部燃料航程可达5500公里，其性能通常是当时旋翼飞机的两倍。

 

Frontier Systems was awarded additional project funding under the US Army’s future combat systems programme. The first prototype A160 Hummingbird, with a three-bladed main rotor, took its maiden flight in December 2001, prior to the conversion of the other prototypes to four-bladed helicopters.

根据美国陆军未来作战系统计划，前沿系统公司获得了额外的项目资金。第一架带有三浆叶主旋翼的A160蜂鸟原型机于2001年12月进行了首飞，随后其他原型机被改装为四浆叶直升机。

 

Boeing acquired Frontier Systems in 2004 and the development of the A160 was transferred to the company’s Phantom Works and then to the integrated defence systems business division of Boeing. The first flight of the Boeing A160 Hummingbird took place in September 2004.

波音公司于2004年收购了前沿系统公司，A160的开发被转移到该公司的幻影工厂，然后转移到波音公司的综合防御系统业务部门。波音A160“蜂鸟”的首次飞行发生在2004年9月。

 

In August 2005, Boeing Frontier Systems was contracted by the US Navy Air Warfare Center to carry out a three-year programme advanced concept technology demonstration (ACTD) to assess the application of the military applications of a vertical take-off and landing UAV with various interchangeable and variable payloads.

2005年8月，波音前沿系统公司与美国海军空战中心签订合同，进行为期三年的先进概念技术演示（ACTD），以评估具有各种可互换和可变有效载荷的垂直起飞和着陆无人机的军事应用的应用。

 

The A160 programme has completed ten years as an experimental rotary-wing UAV with SOCOM. The aircraft is currently being tested for demonstration as a strike weapon after completing the 18.7-hour endurance milestone. SOCOM also stated that the aircraft would be fitted with air-to-ground missiles for these tests.

A160项目与特种作战司令部已经完成了十年的试验性旋翼无人机。该飞机在完成18.7小时的续航力里程碑后，目前正在作为打击武器进行演示测试。特种作战司令部还表示，这架飞机将安装空对地导弹进行这些测试。

 

Under the programme, seven Hummingbird prototypes were delivered by Boeing to SOCOM. In addition, SOCOM has plans to secure another 20 A160T Hummingbirds to be deployed as strike and surveillance aircraft on field from 2012 to 2017.

根据该计划，波音公司向特种作战司令部交付了七架“蜂鸟”原型机。此外，特种作战司令部计划确保另外20架A160T蜂鸟，从2012年至2017年作为攻击和监视飞机部署在现场。

 

Further new sensor systems have been designed to fly with the A160s. To provide long-term surveillance, the foliage penetration reconnaissance, surveillance, tracking and engagement radar (FORESTER) system was designed for A-160T Hummingbird.

已经设计了更多的新传感器系统来与A160一起飞行。为了提供长期监视，为A-160T“蜂鸟”设计了树叶穿透侦察、监视、跟踪和交战雷达（FORESTER）系统。

 

About 20 flight tests of the A160T Hummingbird unmanned helicopter with FORESTER were completed in October 2009. The tests began on 31 August 2009 and were conducted at Fort Stewart, Georgia, US.

2009年10月，配备树叶穿透侦察、监视、跟踪和交战雷达（FORESTER）的A160T“蜂鸟”无人直升机完成了约20次飞行测试。测试于2009年8月31日开始，在美国乔治亚州斯图尔特堡进行。

 

Hummingbird air vehicle

“蜂鸟”飞行器

 

The air vehicle is a rotor-wing aircraft with a four-bladed main rotor and a two-bladed tail rotor mounted on the tail port side. The main rotor was three-bladed in the original prototype vehicle, which crashed twice during test flights. The helicopter design was then re-engineered and modified to a four-bladed main-rotor design.

该飞行器是一种旋翼飞机，有一个四浆叶主旋翼和一个安装在机尾侧的双浆叶尾旋翼。原先的原型机的主旋翼是三浆叶，在试飞中坠毁了两次。直升机的设计随后被重新设计并修改为四浆叶主旋翼设计。

 

The rotor and blade designs are innovative: the main rotor is hingeless and the semi-rigid blades are of carbon-fibre construction, with larger diameter, lower disc loading and lower tip speeds compared to conventional rotors with the same lift capability.

旋翼和浆叶的设计是创新的：主旋翼是无铰链的，半刚性浆叶采用碳纤维结构，与具有相同升力的传统旋翼相比，具有更大的直径、更低的圆盘载荷和更低的浆叶尖速度。

 

The revolution rate (rpm) of the rotor can be reduced by more than half its maximum, which contributes to an increase in the air vehicle’s fuel efficiency in low-speed and low-weight flight. In contrast, conventional rotors are designed to operate at maximum revolution rates. The low rotor speed contributes to the exceptionally low acoustic signature of the helicopter.

旋翼的转速（rpm）可以降低其最大转速的一半以上，这有助于提高飞行器在低速和低重量飞行中的燃油效率。相比之下，传统的旋翼被设计为以最大的转速运行。低旋翼速度有助于直升机的异常低的声学特征。

 

“The low rotor speed contributes to the exceptionally low acoustic signature of the Hummingbird unmanned helicopter.”

“低旋翼速度有助于蜂鸟无人直升机异常低的声学特征。”

 

The blades’ stiffness and thickness, and the chord ratio are tapered from blade root to the blade tip, resulting in a flexible tip and less-flexible root and providing higher performance in terms of an increased lift-to-drag ratio. The lighter weight and stiffness of the blades contribute to reducing vibration problems.

浆叶的刚度和厚度以及弦长比从叶根到叶尖逐渐变细，导致叶尖灵活，叶根不太灵活，并在提高升阻比方面提供更高的性能。浆叶较轻的重量和刚度有助于减少振动问题。

 

The fuselage is of carbon-fibre construction and is of a smooth aerodynamic design which also gives low radar and visual signatures. The helicopter is fitted with a stabilising rectangular underfin and retractable wheeled landing gear.

机身是碳纤维结构，是一个平滑的空气动力学设计，也提供了低雷达和视觉特征。直升机配备有一个稳定的矩形下翼和可伸缩的轮式起落架。

 

The air vehicle is capable of conventional and autonomous landing and take-off.

该飞行器能够进行常规的自主降落和起飞。

 

Payloads

有效载荷

 

The height of the landing gear provides 0.84m ground clearance under the fuselage for the turret. A large mission payload bay is installed in the nose of the vehicle and a sensor turret can be installed under the nose section of the fuselage.

起落架的高度为转塔提供了机身下0.84米的离地间隙。一个大型任务有效载荷舱安装在飞行器的机头，一个传感器转塔可以安装在机身的机头部分下方。

 

Payload options include: day and night electro-optical and infrared imaging systems, radar with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) / moving target indicator (MTI) modes and with foliage penetration capability and a laser target designator. The air vehicle can also be fitted with electronic countermeasures payloads, satellite communications and a datalink transmitter / receiver.

有效载荷选项包括：昼夜光电和红外成像系统、具有合成孔径雷达/移动目标指示器模式、具有树叶穿透能力的雷达和激光目标指示器。飞行器还可以安装电子对抗有效载荷、卫星通信和数据链路发射器/接收器。

 

Control and navigation

控制和导航

 

The helicopter flies autonomously with manual override. The UAV’s flight control system was designed by Frontier Systems. Navigation includes global positioning and GPS-based waypoint navigation. Frontier Systems developed and validated the basic versions of the hardware and software for Hummingbird’s autonomous flight control early in the development programme using a Robinson R22 helicopter.

这架直升机在手动操纵的情况下自主飞行。无人机的飞行控制系统由前沿系统公司设计。导航包括全球定位和基于GPS的航路点导航。在开发计划的早期，前沿系统公司使用罗宾逊R22直升机开发并验证了“蜂鸟”自主飞行控制的硬件和软件的基本版本。

 

Engine

发动机

 

The A160T Hummingbird is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PW207D turboshaft engine. The engine can produce a continuous 426.7kW (572shp).

A160T“蜂鸟”由一台普惠加拿大公司PW207D涡轴发动机提供动力。该发动机可持续提供426.7kW（572shp）功率。

 

The engine also features a full authority digital engine control (FADEC) facility to reduce the workload of the pilot, including self-starting and fuel consumption. It also comprises a single stage centrifugal compressor, reverse flow combustor, single-stage high-pressure and shrouded power turbines.

该发动机还具有全权数字发动机控制（FADEC）装置，以减少飞行员的工作量，包括自启动和油耗。它还包括一个单级离心压缩机、逆流燃烧器、单级高压和带护罩动力涡轮机。

 

The length and height of the engine are 0.91m and 0.56m respectively. The width and diameter are 0.5m and 0.55m respectively.

发动机的长度和高度分别为0.91米和0.56米。宽度和直径分别为0.5米和0.55米。