The Type 052 Luhu-class is one of the first modern multi-role guided missile destroyers built by China. There are currently two units in active service with the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force. It was succeeded by the Type 051B.

052型旅沪级由中国建造的第一种现代化多用途导弹驱逐舰。目前有两艘在解放军海军水面部队服役。它的继任者是051B型。

 

History

历史 

 

Designed by the China Warship Design Institute (formerly the Seventh Academy of the Ministry of National Defense), the ships were built at Jiangnan Shipyard. No.112 Harbin was the first Luhu destroyer followed by No.113 Qingdao. The chief designer is academician Mr. Pan Jingfu (潘镜芙). The class is said to be the first indigenous Chinese warship design approaching modern standards, a significant improvement over the earlier Luda class. The Luhu made extensive use of foreign technologies that were accessible to the PRC prior to the Tiananmen Square incident of 1989. These included French-made radars and fire-control systems and the General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines from the US, two of which power each ship. Type 052-type became the first Chinese destroyer design that used gas turbine engines, and also the first equipped with a intergraded combat system.

由中国军舰设计研究所（前身为国防部第七研究院）设计，船舶由江南造船厂建造。112哈尔滨号是旅沪级的首舰接着是113青岛号。总设计师院士潘景福先生（潘镜芙）。该级据说是中国设计接近现代标准的第一艘中国军舰，同早期的旅大级相比有显著改善。旅沪级广泛使用外国技术是因为中国在1989年某些事件前可获得的。这些包括法国制造的雷达和火控系统和来自美国通用电气LM2500燃气涡轮发动机，其中每艘两台动力。052型成为第一艘中国设计使用燃气涡轮发动机的驱逐舰，并首次配备了完整的作战系统。

 

Even with incorporation of Western technology, the chronic lack of adequate ship-borne air defense system have had great impact on the PLAN operations. Equipped with a small number of surface-to-air missiles with visual-range only, and guns with limited range and performance, Chinese warships had historically limited their operations within the area covered by their land-based aircraft due to a lack of fleet defense capability. To rectify this trend, the Luhu destroyers (and the smaller Jiangwei class frigate) were fitted with the HQ-7 SAM that gives it much better air defense capability than any other previous Chinese design, though still limited to within visual range (WVR).

即使结合西方技术，长期缺乏足够的舰载防空系统，很大的影响在中国海军中的操作。配备了少量的面对空导弹并仅仅视距内，舰炮具有有限的射程和性能，中国军舰在历史上限制在其陆上飞机所覆盖的区域是由于缺乏舰队防御能力。为了纠正这一倾向，相比任何其他中国以前的设计旅沪级驱逐舰（和较小的江卫级护卫舰）装有HQ-7 SAM给它更好的防空能力，但仍有限的视距内（WVR）。

 

The HQ-7 SAM system is reported to be equipped with 8 ready to fire missiles, plus 16 stored in a semi-automatic reloader system. The same system is also used on the upgraded 051G Luda Destroyer.

HQ-7 SAM系统据报道是配备8枚准备发射导弹，加上16枚存储在一个半自动装填系统。该系统也可用于升级版051G型旅大级驱逐舰。

 

In spite of the advances, the 052 Luhu Destroyer still suffers in some areas such as electronic warfare and electronic counter-measures.

尽管发展，052型旅沪级驱逐舰仍在一些领域不足如电子战和电子对抗措施。

 

The operational capability of the Luhu-class Destroyers has been called into question by naval analysts. Ship visits in 1997 allowed US Naval officers to board and inspect Luhu Destroyer No.112 Harbin and to take numerous photographs. Analysis of these photographs and reporting by officers present strongly suggested that the Luhu Destroyers were mainly intended as technology demonstration vessels rather than serious naval combatants. For example, the large amount of foreign-supplied equipment on-board was still labeled in the language of the country of origin; this was also the case with most of the on-board manuals and other documentation, calling into question the ability of the crew to operate efficiently under stressful circumstances when called upon to deal with equipment labeled in English, French, and Italian, as well as Chinese. Further, the various European systems installed were not originally designed to operate together and as a result were not well integrated; a problem the Chinese could not overcome owing to their lack of familiarity with the underlying technology. The Chinese attempted to address these problems with the introduction of an improved Luhu design, the Luhai-class. This follow-on, essentially an enlarged Luhu, features some improved electronics from foreign suppliers as well as more advanced weapons. However, in some cases, the designers appear to have opted for less capable indigenous designs to ease the system integration issues suffered by the Luhu-class Destroyers. However, the PLAN was reportedly unhappy with the design of the Luhai-class Destroyers, and production ceased after a single unit was completed.

旅沪级驱逐舰的作战能力已经被海军分析家称成为问题。在1997年船舶允许美国海军人员登船参观和察看编号112哈尔滨号旅沪级驱逐舰并获取了许多照片。这些分析照片和报告在场人员强烈建议旅沪级驱逐舰主要作为技术示范船，而不是重要的海军作战舰艇。例如，大量的外国提供设备面板仍有用来源国家的语言标记，这也是大多数舰载手册和其他参考资料的情形，船员在紧张情况下高效操作方面产生了问题，处理用英语、法语、意大利语和中文标注的设备。此外，各种欧洲系统安装本来不是原始设计用于一块操作并且结果是不能很好的整合，中国由于缺乏熟悉的基础技术不能克服。中国人试图解决这些问题采用一种改进的旅沪级设计，旅海级。这是延续发展，基本上是一个放大的旅沪级，特点是一些来自外国供应商的改进电子设备以及更先进的武器。然而，在某些情况下，设计者似乎已经选择了差些本土设计以缓解旅沪级驱逐舰遭受的系统集成问题。然而，中国海军据传闻不满意旅海级驱逐舰的设计，并在一个单元完成后停止生产。

 

According to Chinese media and internet sources, Luhu class is mainly used a technological demonstrator to compare and evaluate different foreign systems, and the two ships initially did not have identical equipment. The first unit, had an Italian licensed production of Raytheon AN/SQS-56 sonar, Italian DE-1164 integrated sonar system, which consists of DE-1160 hull mounted sonar (HMS) and DE-1163 variable depth sonar (VDS), and these were later replaced by domestic copy, SJD-7 sonar system. The second unit had French Thomson-CSF DUBV 23/43 HMS/VDS, which were subsequently replaced by domestic copy SJD-9 sonar system. The combat data systems for the first unit was ZKJ-3 (ZKJ-III), the Chinese equivalent of Italian IPN-10 combat data system, and ZKJ-3 is developed from the export version of IPN-10, SADOC 2, (SADOC = systema dirizione della Operazioni di combattimento). SADOC 2 was sold to China in 1985 and it differs from IPN-10 in that it lacks the data link the latter has. Incorporation of a domestic data link is the main improvement of Chinese ZKJ-3, making it the Chinese equivalent of IPN-10. The combat data system of the second unit is ZKJ-4, which is the Chinese version of French Thomson-CSF TAVITAC combat data system, two of which sold to China in 1985 and delivered 2 –3 years later. These combat data systems were later replaced by more advanced follow-on such as ZKJ-4A/B series during upgrades. Experience gained in handling these foreign systems has helped the development of similar Chinese systems later on.

据中国媒体和互联网消息来源，旅沪级主要用于一个技术演示去比较和评估不同的外国系统，以及两艘舰艇最初没有采用相同的设备。第一艘，有一套意大利许可雷声公司生产的AN / SQS-56声纳，意大利DE-1164综合声呐系统，它包括DE-1160船体声纳（HMS）和DE-1163可变深度声纳（VDS），而这些后来被国内仿制的SJD-7声纳系统所取代。第二单艘采用法国汤姆逊-CSF DUBV 23/43 HMS / VDS，它随后被国内仿制SJD-9声纳系统所取代。作战数据系统第一艘是ZKJ-3（ZKJ-III），中国的相当于意大利IPN-10作战数据系统，并且ZKJ-3的发展源自IPN-10出口型，SADOC 2，（SADOC=systema dirizione della Operazioni di combattimento）。SADOC 2在1985年卖给中国，它与IPN-10的不同在于，它缺乏后者有的数据链接。融入的国内数据链路是重要改进的中国ZKJ-3，它相当于中国的IPN-10。第二艘的战斗数据系统是ZKJ-4，这是法国汤姆逊-CSF TAVITAC作战数据系统的中国版，在1985年两套卖给中国，2 - 3年后交付。这些作战数据系统后来升级过程中被更先进的如ZKJ-4A / B系列取代。在处理这些外部系统中获得的经验后来帮助中国类似系统的发展。

 

2011 Upgrade

Both of the destroyers were upgraded in 2011. The four Type 76A guns were replaced by two Type 730 CIWS on top of the helicopter hangar. The Crotale/HHQ-7 short-range SAM may have been replaced by the newer model (FM-90?) which provides better interception against sea-skimming AShMs. Two Type 726-4 decoy launchers were installed on both sides of the forward bridge for better self-protection. Various onboard systems were integrated together (to a certain degree) by a Thomson-CSF TAVITAC combat data system which is thought to have been replaced by a new indigenous C3I system (ZJK-4B or a newer model). The Thomson-CSF Sea Tiger air/surface search radar was first replaced by an indigenous Type 518 Hai Ying radar, and now replaced by a Type 517M long-range air search radar. The Type 362 air/surface radar installed on top of the aft mast has been replaced by a Type 364. A pair of SATCOM antennas have been installed on top of the helicopter hangar as well.

2011年升级 

这两艘驱逐舰都在2011年升级。四座76A型舰炮被装在直升机机库上的两座730型近程防御武器系统上取代。所述的响尾蛇/ HHQ-7短程防空导弹可能已经被新的型号所取代（FM-90？）提供更好的拦截 

 对抗掠海飞行的反舰导弹（AShMs）。两部726-4型诱饵发射器被安装在了舰桥前部两侧更好的自-防御。各种舰载系统被一部汤姆逊-CSF TAVITAC战斗数据系统集成在一起（在一定程度上）这被认为是由一种新的本国C3I系统（ZJK-4B或新型号）取代。最初汤姆逊-CSF海虎空中/水面搜索雷达最初被国产518型海鹰雷达取代了，现在取而代之的是一部517M型远距离对空搜索雷达。安装在船尾桅杆顶部的362型空中/水面雷达，已经被换成了364型。还有一对卫星通信天线被安装在直升机机库顶部。

 

Operational history
操作历史

 

On 27 February 2012, Qingdao, along with the Type 054A class frigate Yantai and the comprehensive supply ship Weishanhu formed the 11th Chinese naval escort flotilla, departed from the city of Qingdao to conduct anti-piracy and escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters.[3] On 16 February 2013, Harbin, along with the Type 053H3 class frigate Mianyang and the comprehensive supply ship Weishanhuformed the 14th Chinese naval escort flotilla, departed from the city of Qingdao to conduct anti-piracy and escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters.

2012年2月27日，青岛号，连同054A型护卫舰烟台号和综合补给舰微山湖号组成第十一批中国海军护航舰队，离开青岛市去海湾地区在亚丁湾和索马里海域进行反海盗和护航任务。在2013年2月16日，哈尔滨号，连同053H3型护卫舰绵阳号和综合补给舰微山湖号组成第十四次中国海军护航舰队离开青岛市在亚丁湾和索马里海域进行反海盗和护航任务。

 

In October 2013, Qingdao participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney, Australia.

在2013年10月，青岛号在澳大利亚悉尼参加2013国际舰队检阅。

编号	命名	舰队	龙骨铺设	下水	服役
112	“哈尔滨”（Harbin）	北海（North）	1989年9月	1991年8月	1994年5月
113	“青岛”（Qingdao）	北海（North）	1992年2月	1993年10月	1996年5月

 

Specifications (second-refit only)

规格（仅第二次改装）

 

Unit cost - > 1 billion renminbi yuan per ship by 1980s price

Propulsion CODOG config

112 Harbin - 2 General Electric LM2500 gas-turbines, 55,000 hp (41 MW) + MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesel, 8,840 hp (6.5 MW)

113 Qingdao - 2 General Electric LM2500 gas-turbines, 55,000 hp (35.7 MW) + MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesel, 8,840 hp (6.5 MW)

Length - 467.8 feet / 142.6 meter

Beam - 49.5 feet / 15.3 meters

Draft - 16.7 feet / 5 meters

Displacement - 4,200 tons (standard), 4,800 tons (full load)

Speed - 31 knots

Endurance - 4,000 nmi at 15 kn

Crew - 260 (40 officers)
 

单位成本- > 10亿元人民币，按80年代的价格 

推进动力装置的配置 

112哈尔滨号 - 2台通用电气LM2500型燃气轮机，55000马力（41兆瓦）+ MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83型柴油机，8840马力（6.5兆瓦） 

113青岛号 - 2台通用电气LM2500型燃气轮机，55000马力（35.7兆瓦）+ MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83型柴油机，8840马力（6.5 

 兆瓦） 

长度-467.8英尺/ 142.6米 

船宽- 49.5英尺/ 15.3米 

吃水- 16.7英尺/ 5米 

排水量- 4200吨（标准），4800吨（全负荷） 

航速- 31节 

续航力- 4000海里15 kN 

船员- 260（40名军官）

 

C3I

 

ZKJ-4B (development of Thomson-CSF TAVITAC information processing system, with reported speed of > 1 MPBS)

2 x Type 630 (GDG-775) optronic directors

Data link: HN-900 (Chinese equivalent of Link 11A/B, to be upgraded)

Communication: SNTI-240 SATCOM
 

ZKJ-4b（Thomson-CSF TAVITAC信息处理系统，有报道 速度> 1 MPBS） 

2 x 630型（GDG-775）光电指挥仪

数据链接：HN-900（相当于中国的Link 11A / B，进行升级） 

通讯：SNTI-240型卫星通信

 

Radar/Sonar

雷达/声纳

 

Pre-2011:

Type 518 (REL-1/2) Hai Ying long-range 3D air search radar, L-band

Type 362 (ESR-1) low-altitude air/surface search radar, I-band

Post-2011:

Type 517M long-range air search radar

Type 364 air/surface search radar (for CIWS)

Thomson-CSF TSR 3004 (DRBV-15) Sea Tiger air/surface radar, E/F band (112 Harbin)

Type 360S (SR60) air/surface radar, E/F band (113 Qingdao)

Type 345 (MR35) fire-control radar for HQ-7 Surface-to-air missile system, J-band

Type 344 (MR34) fire-control for YJ-8x SSM and 100 mm gun, I/J band

2 x Type 347G (EFR-1) Rice Lamp fire-control radar for 37 mm AA guns, I-band

2 x Racal RM-1290 navigation radar, I-band

DUBV-23 (SJD-8/9) medium-frequency hull-mounted radar

DUBV-43 (ESS-1) towed medium-frequency VDS
 

2011年以前： 

518型（REL-1 / 2）海鹰远程3D空中搜索雷达、L波段 

362型（ESR-1）低空空中/水面搜索雷达，I波段 

2011年之后： 

517M型远程对空搜索雷达 

364型空中/水面搜索雷达（用于CIWS） 

汤姆逊CSF TSR 3004（DRBV-15）海虎型空中/水面雷达，E/F波段（112哈尔滨号） 

360S型（SR60）空中/水面雷达，E/F波段（113青岛号） 

345型（MR35）火控雷达用于HQ-7舰空导弹系统，J波段 

344型（MR34）火控雷达用于YJ-8x SSM和100毫米舰炮，I／J波段 

2×347G型（EFR-1）谷灯（Rice Lamp）火控雷达用于37毫米防空炮，I波段 

2 XRacal RM-1290导航雷达，I波段 

DUBV-23 (SJD-8/9) 中频舰壳安装雷达 

DUBV-43 (ESS-1)拖曳中频可部深度声纳（VDS）

 

Armament

武器装备

 

4 x quad YJ-83 (C-803) AShM box launchers

1 x 8-cell HQ-7 SAM with 8 ready to fire missiles + 16 spare missiles

1 x Type H/PJ33A dual 100 mm/56 caliber gun

2 x Type 7424 324 mm Yu-7 ASW torpedo tubes

Pre-2011:

4 x Type H/PJ76A dual 37 mm AA guns.

2 x Type 75 (RBU-1200) 240 mm 12-tube ASW rocket launchers.

Post-2011:

2 x H/PJ12 (Type 730) 7-barrel 30 mm CIWS

2 x Type 87 6-tube ASW rocket launchers 

 

4×联 YJ-83（C-803）反舰导弹箱式发射器 

1×8-单元 HQ-7 防空导弹（SAM） 8枚准备发射导弹+备用16枚导弹 

1 x H/ H/PJ33A型双管100毫米/ 56倍口径舰炮 

2×7424型324毫米Yu-7反潜鱼雷发射管 

2011年之前： 

4 x H/PJ76A型双管37毫米高射炮。 

2 x 75型（RBU-1200）240毫米12管反潜火箭发射器。 

2011年之后： 

2 x H / PJ12（730型）7-管 30毫米近程防御武器系统 

2 x 87型6-管反潜火箭发射器 

 

Electronic Warfare and Countermeasures

电子战与对策

 

1 x Type 984-1 ECM 'X' band jammer (transmitter)

1 x Type 984-4 ECM 'X' band jammer (receiver)

1 x Type 928A ESM

2 x Type 946 15-barrel chaff/decoy launcher

 

1 X984-1型 ECM 'X'波段 干扰机（发射机） 

1 X984-4型 ECM 'X'波段 干扰机（接收器） 

1 X928A型 ESM 

2×946型 15-管 箔条/假诱饵发射器 

 

Helicopter

直升机 

 

2 x Kamov Ka-27 'Helix' or Harbin Z-9C (licensed copy of the Eurocopter Dauphin)

2 X Kamov Ka-27“蜗牛”或哈尔滨Z-9C（欧洲直升机公司海豚型的许可副本）