The 3M-54 Kalibr

The 3M-54 Kalibr, (Калибр, caliber), also referred to it as 3M54-1 Kalibr, 3M14 Biryuza (Бирюза, turquoise), (NATO reporting name SS-N-27 Sizzler and SS-N-30A), 91R1, and 91RT2, is a family of Russian cruise missiles developed by the Novator Design Bureau (OKB-8). There are ship-launched, submarine-launched and air-launched versions of the missile, and variants for anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack use. Some versions have a second propulsion stage that initiates a supersonic sprint in the terminal approach to the target, reducing the time that target's defense systems have to react, while subsonic versions have greater range than the supersonic variants. The missile can carry a warhead weighing up to 500 kg of explosive or a thermonuclear warhead.

3M-54“口径”（Kalibr），(俄语，caliber)，也称为3M54-1 Kalibr、3M14 Biryuza（俄语，绿松石）（北约报告名称SS-N-27 Sizzler和SS-N-30A）、91R1和91RT2，是由诺瓦托设计局（OKB-8）开发的俄罗斯巡航导弹系列。该导弹有舰载、潜射和空射版本，以及反舰、反潜和对陆攻击使用的改型。有些型号有第二个推进级，可以在接近目标的末端启动超音速冲刺，从而缩短目标防御系统必须做出反应的时间，而亚音速型号的射程比超音速型号更远。该导弹可以携带重达500公斤的炸药弹头或热核弹头。

 

There are export versions of the missile designated Club.

出口版本的导弹命名为“俱乐部”（ Club）。

 

Design

设计

 

The missile is a modular system with five versions: two anti-shipping types, one for land attack and two anti-submarine types. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using a Vertical Launch System (VLS).

该导弹是一种模块化系统，有五个版本：两种反舰类型，一种用于对陆攻击和两种反潜类型。该导弹的设计目的是在水面发射和潜射之间共享导弹通用部件，但每类导弹都由不同的部件组成，例如助推器。该导弹可以使用垂直发射系统（VLS）从水面舰艇发射。

 

It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine torpedo tube has no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container.

它有一个具有推力矢量能力的助推器。从潜艇鱼雷发射管发射的导弹不需要这样的附加装置，而是使用常规助推器。空射版本被放置在一个舱筒中，该舱筒在导弹发射时掉落，与舱筒分离。

 

There are several claims about the maximum range of Kalibr land attack versions in use by Russia. The U.S. Department of Defense estimates its range at 1,400 km (870 mi), and Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu put its range at "almost 1,500 km (930 mi)." Following its first operational firing in October 2015, Russian Ministry of Defence statements suggested a range of 2,000 km (1,200 mi), while a December 2015 Office of Naval Intelligence report gathered a number of Russian statements projecting ranges between 1,500-2,500 km (1,600 mi).

关于俄罗斯使用的“口径”对陆攻击版本的最大射程，有几种说法。美国国防部估计其射程为1400公里（870英里），俄罗斯国防部长谢尔盖·绍伊古（Sergei Shoigu）将其射程估计为“近1500公里（930英里）”在2015年10月首次实弹射击后，俄罗斯国防部的声明建议射程为2000公里（1200英里），而2015年12月的海军情报局报告收集了一些俄罗斯声明，预测射程在1500-2500公里（1600英里）之间。

 

Discrepancies in range values may be attributed to poor understanding of the Russian defence industry, political declarations for strategic effect,or potentially longer 2,500 km-range claims could be associated with a thermonuclear armed variant while shorter 1,500 km-range estimates are for the conventionally armed missile.

射程值的差异可能归因于对俄罗斯国防工业的了解不足、战略影响的政治宣言，或者可能更远的2,500公里射程的声称可能与热核武装改型有关，而较短的1,500公里射程估计是针对常规武装导弹。

 

Terminal supersonic flight

末端超音速飞行

 

The Russian domestic variant (3M54T / 3M54K) and export variants (3M54TE/3M54KE) fly at sub-sonic speeds while achieving supersonic speed (Mach 2.9) as they near their target. They are also capable of performing very high angled defensive high speed maneuvers in contrast to the common linear flight path of other anti-ship cruise missiles.

俄罗斯国内型号（3M54T/3M54K）和出口型号（3M54TE/3M54KE）以亚音速飞行，在接近目标时达到超音速（马赫数2.9）。与其他反舰巡航导弹的普通线性飞行轨迹相比，它们还能够执行非常大角度的防御高速机动。

 

The high speed of the supersonic version likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles, such as BGM-109 Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as Tomahawk, the Kalibr has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (~972 megajoules, or equal to 232 kg TNT explosive energy). Its Mach 2.9 speed means that it cannot be intercepted by existing missile defense systems and its precision makes it lethal to medium targets such as destroyers.

超音速版本的高速可能使其比BGM-109战斧等较轻的亚音速巡航导弹具有更好的目标穿透特性。"口径“的重量是战斧的两倍，速度几乎是战斧的四倍，其巡航动能是战斧导弹的32倍多（约972兆焦耳，相当于232千克TNT爆炸能）。它的马赫数为2.9，这意味着它无法被现有的导弹防御系统拦截，其精度使其对驱逐舰等中型目标具有致命性。

 

Variants

版本

 

Domestic variants are basic versions of this missile family; these are the 3M54 and 3M14. The export model is called Club (formerly Klub). There are two major launch platforms: the Kalibr-PL (export Club-S), designed for use from submarines, and the Kalibr-NK (export Club-N), designed for surface ships. These two launch platforms can be equipped with the following warhead and guidance combinations:

国产改型是该导弹系列的基本版本；这些是3M54和3M14。出口型号称为”俱乐部“（Club）（以前称为Klub）。有两个主要的发射平台：Kalibr PL（出口俱乐部-S）和Kalibr NK（出口俱乐部-N），分别设计用于潜艇和水面舰艇。这两个发射平台可配备以下弹头和制导组合：

 

Domestic variants

国内改型

 

●3M54K: A submarine-launched anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy. Its length is 8.22 m (27.0 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 375–500 km (233–311 mi) (estimate). It is a Sea-skimmer with a final stage flight altitude of 4.6 metres (15 ft) and a supersonic terminal speed of Mach 2.9 (3,550 km/h; 2,210 mph).

3M54K：俄罗斯海军部署的潜射反舰改型。它的长度为8.22米（27.0英尺），带有200公斤（440磅）的弹头。其射程为375-500公里（233-311英里）（估计）。它是一种掠海型，末级飞行高度为4.6米（15英尺），超音速末端速度为2.9马赫（3550公里/小时；2210英里/小时）。

●3M54T：An anti-shipping variant deployed by the Russian Navy on surface ships. It is launched with a VLS, has a Thrust vectoring booster, and is 8.9 m (29 ft) long. Its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-54K.

3M54T：俄罗斯海军在水面舰艇上部署的一种反舰改型。它由VLS发射，带有推力矢量助推器，长8.9米（29英尺）。其弹头重量和其他性能与3M-54K相同。

●3M14K (SS-N-30A) ：An inertial guidance land attack variant deployed by the Russian Navy. The submarine-launched weapon has a basic length of 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 2,500 km (1,600 mi), allowing the Russian Navy to strike targets throughout Central/Western Europe from beyond the GIUK gap. Its subsonic terminal speed is Mach 0.8.

3M14K（SS-N-30A）：俄罗斯海军部署的一种惯性制导对陆攻击改型。潜射武器的基本长度为6.2米（20英尺），带有450公斤（990磅）的弹头。它的射程为2500公里（1600英里），使俄罗斯海军能够从吉乌克缺口以外的地方打击整个中欧/西欧的目标。它的亚音速末端速度是0.8马赫。

●3M14T：Is the inertial guidance land attack variant which is deployed by the Russian Navy. A surface ship with VLS launched missile, with thrust vectoring booster, its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance are the same as the 3M14K. Russia fired 26 3M14T cruise missiles from four surface ships in the Caspian Sea against 11 targets in Syria on 7 October 2015.

According to state television news (broadcast of 11.10.2015),launch of production took place in 2012. Details of this version– a maximum speed of Mach 3, a range of 4,000 km, basing in the air, on land, on water and under water. The missile can make in-flight maneuvers 147 times or more (in any direction), it has a minimum height of 10 meters, an average one of 20 – 50 meters (up to 1000 m), it will automatically follow terrain, it can be controlled in flight.

Russia has improved the targeting system of its ship- and submarine-launched Kalibr cruise missiles to improve their ability to conduct time sensitive attacks. Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu revealed the development, which was initiated as a result of combat experience in Syria, in an interview with the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper on 22 September 2019.

3M14T：俄罗斯海军部署的惯性制导对陆攻击改型。带有VLS发射导弹的水面舰艇，带有推力矢量助推器，其基本长度为8.9米（29英尺），其弹头重量和其他性能与3M14K相同。2015年10月7日，俄罗斯从里海的四艘水面舰艇上向叙利亚境内的11个目标发射了26枚3M14T巡航导弹。

根据国家电视台新闻（2015年10月11日播出），2012年开始制作。这个版本的细节——最大速度为3马赫，射程4000公里，基于空中、陆地、水面和水下。该导弹可以进行147次或更多的空中机动（在任何方向），它的最低高度为10米，平均高度为20-50米（最高1000米），它将自动跟踪地形，可以在飞行中进行控制。

俄罗斯已经改进了其舰载和潜射卡利布巡航导弹的瞄准系统，以提高其进行时间敏感攻击的能力。2019年9月22日，国防部长谢尔盖·绍伊古（Sergei Shoigu）在接受莫斯科共青团报（Moskovsky Komsomolets）采访时透露了这一进展，这是在叙利亚作战经验的基础上发起的。

●Kalibr-M：Is a new version of Kalibr with larger warhead and extended range to 4,500 km. The ship, submarine, air, and land-launched versions are in development.

Kalibr-M：是一种Kalibr的新版本，弹头更大，射程可扩展至4500公里。舰上、潜艇、空中和陆地发射的版本正在开发中。

 

Export variants

出口型号

 

Club-S

“俱乐部”-S

 

●3M-54E Club-S is the submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 8.2 m (27 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 220 km; (note that its range is less than the 3M-54). It is a sea-skimmer with a supersonic terminal speed and a flight altitude of 4.6 metres (15 ft) at its final stage is 2.9 mach.

3M-54E Club-S是潜射反舰型，其基本长度为8.2米（27英尺），带有200公斤（440磅）的弹头。其射程为220公里；（请注意，其射程小于3M-54）。这是一种超音速末速掠海型，飞行高度为4.6米（15英尺），最后一级为2.9马赫。

●3M-54E1 is a submarine-launched anti-shipping variant, Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 200 kg (440 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It is a sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.

3M-54E1是一种潜射反舰改型，其基本长度为6.2米（20英尺），带有200公斤（440磅）的弹头。其射程为300公里（190英里）。这是一种亚音速末端速度为0.8马赫的掠海型。

●3M-14E An inertially guided land attack variant; it is launched from a submarine. Its basic length is 6.2 m (20 ft), with a 450 kg (990 lb) warhead. Its range is 300 km (190 mi). It has a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.

3M-14E是一种惯性制导的对陆攻击改型；它是从潜艇上发射的。它的基本长度为6.2米（20英尺），带有450公斤（990磅）的弹头。其射程为300公里（190英里）。它的亚音速末端速度为0.8马赫。

●91RE1 A submarine-launched anti-submarine variant, it consists of two stages, one solid booster with four grid fins and one anti-submarine light torpedo. Its basic length is 7.65 m (25.1 ft), it has a range of 50 km (31 mi). It can reach supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg (168 lb). It is similar to the American ASROC/SUBROC missile/torpedo system. It follows a ballistic path on the surface, with a speed of Mach 2.5.

91RE1是一种潜射反潜改型，由两级、一级带四个栅格鳍的固体推进器和一级反潜轻型鱼雷组成。它的基本长度为7.65米（25.1英尺），射程为50公里（31英里）。它可以达到超音速。鱼雷的弹头重量为76公斤（168磅）。它类似于美国的ASROC/SUBROC导弹/鱼雷系统。它沿着水面的弹道路径飞行，速度为2.5马赫。

 

Club-N

“俱乐部”-N

 

●3M-54TE Club-N – A surface vessel with VLS launched anti-shipping variant; with a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m, its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E. Its range is less than the 3M-54. It is a sea-skimmer with supersonic terminal speed and a flight altitude of 15 feet (4.6 m) at its final stage, when it has a speed of 2.9 mach, with a range of 220 km (140 mi) at supersonic speed.

3M-54TE Club-N–一种水面舰艇，配备VLS发射系统的反舰改型；采用推力矢量助推器。其基本长度为8.9米，弹头重量和其他性能与3M-54E相同。其射程小于3M-54。它是一种具有超音速末端速度和最后阶段飞行高度为15英尺（4.6 米）的掠海型，速度为2.9马赫，超音速航程为220公里（140英里）。

●3M-54TE1 – A surface ship with VLS anti-shipping variant, with thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performance is the same as the 3M-54E1. A sea-skimmer with a subsonic terminal speed of 0.8 mach.

3M-54TE1 – 水面舰艇配备VLS系统的反舰改型，带有推力矢量助推器。它的基本长度为8.9米(29 英尺)，其弹头重量和其他性能与3M-54E1相同。具有亚音速末端速度为0.8马赫的掠海型。

●3M-14TE – An inertially guided land attack variant. It is a surface ship with VLS missile and a thrust vectoring booster. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), its warhead weight and other performances are the same as the 3M-14E. Its subsonic terminal speed is 0.8 mach, with a range of 300 km (190 mi) at supersonic speed.

3M-14TE – 一种惯性制导的对陆攻击改型。它是一种水面舰艇配备VLS系统的导弹并采用推力矢量助推器。其基本长度为8.9米（29 英尺），其弹头重量和其他性能与3M-14E相同。它的亚音速末端速度为0.8马赫，超音速时的射程为300公里（190 英里）。

●91RTE2 – A surface ship with the VLS launched anti-submarine variant; it consists of three stages, one booster with thrust vector nozzle, one conventional booster, and one anti-submarine light torpedo. Its basic length is 8.9 m (29 ft), with a range of 40 km (25 mi) at supersonic speed. The torpedo has a warhead weight of 76 kg (168 lb). The lightest of all variants, with a launch weight of 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). Speed is Mach 2.

91RTE2——水面舰艇配备VLS系统的反潜改型；它由三级组成，一级带推力矢量喷管的助推器、一级常规助推器和一级反潜轻型鱼雷。其基本长度为8.9米（29英尺），超音速射程为40公里（25英里）。鱼雷的弹头重量为76公斤（168磅）。所有改型中最轻的，发射重量为1300千克（2900磅）。速度为2马赫。

 

Club-T

“俱乐部”-T