By Didi Tang, The Associated Press

作者：唐迪迪，美联社

Mar 12, 2025

2025年3月12日

 

Workers construct the hull of a vessel at the STX shipbuilding plant on Changxing Island in northeast China's Liaoning province in 2011. (Andy Wong/AP)

2011年，工人们在中国东北辽宁省长兴岛的STX造船厂建造船体。（黄/美联社）

 

In only two decades, China has grown to be the dominant player in shipbuilding, claiming more than half of the world’s commercial shipbuilding market, while the U.S. share has fallen to just 0.1%, posing serious economic and national security challenges for the U.S. and its allies, according to a report released Tuesday by the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

根据战略与国际研究中心周二发布的一份报告，在短短二十年内，中国已发展成为造船业的主导者，占据了世界商业造船市场的一半以上，而美国的份额已降至仅0.1%，给美国及其盟友带来了严重的经济和国家安全挑战。

 

In 2024 alone, one Chinese shipbuilder constructed more commercial vessels by tonnage than the entire U.S. shipbuilding industry has built since the end of World War II. China already has the world’s largest naval fleet, the Washington-based bipartisan think tank said in its 75-page report.

仅在2024年，一家中国造船厂建造的商船吨位就超过了自第二次世界大战结束以来整个美国造船业建造的商船。总部位于华盛顿的两党智库在其75页的报告中表示，中国已经拥有世界上最大的海军舰队。

 

“The erosion of U.S. and allied shipbuilding capabilities poses an urgent threat to military readiness, reduces economic opportunities, and contributes to China’s global power-projection ambitions,” the report said.

报告称：“美国及其盟友造船能力的削弱对军事准备构成了紧迫威胁，减少了经济机会，并助长了中国的全球实力投射野心。”。

 

Concerns about the poor state of U.S. shipbuilding have been growing in recent years, as the country faces rising challenges from China, which has the world’s second-largest economy and has ambitions to reshape the world order. At a congressional hearing in December, senior officials and lawmakers urged action.

近年来，随着美国面临来自中国的日益严峻的挑战，人们对美国造船业糟糕状况的担忧日益加剧。中国是世界第二大经济体，有重塑世界秩序的野心。在12月的国会听证会上，高级官员和议员敦促采取行动。

 

Last week, President Donald Trump told Congress that his Republican administration would “resurrect” the American shipbuilding industry, for commercial and military vessels, and he would create “a new office of shipbuilding in the White House.”

上周，唐纳德·特朗普总统告诉国会，他的共和党政府将“复兴”美国商船和军舰的造船业，并将“在白宫设立一个新的造船办公室”

 

“We used to make so many ships,” Trump said. “We don’t make them anymore very much, but we’re going to make them very fast, very soon. It will have a huge impact.”

“我们过去建造了这么多船，”特朗普说。“我们不再建造它们了，但我们很快会建造它们，很快。这将产生巨大的影响。”

 

In February, the heads of four major labor unions called on Trump to boost American shipbuilding and enforce tariffs and other “strong penalties” against China for its increasing dominance in that sector.

今年2月，四大工会的负责人呼吁特朗普加强美国造船业，并对中国在该行业日益增强的主导地位征收关税和其他“严厉惩罚”。

 

“What we are seeing now is a recognition of the strategic significance of shipbuilding and port security, and the related challenges posed by China,” said Matthew Funaiole, a senior fellow in the China Power Project at CSIS and a co-author of the report. Funaiole said concerns over shipbuilding are “a fairly bipartisan issue.”

“我们现在看到的是，人们认识到造船和港口安全的战略意义，以及中国带来的相关挑战，”CSIS中国电力项目高级研究员、该报告的合著者马修·富纳奥莱说。富纳奥莱表示，对造船业的担忧是“一个相当两党共同关注的问题”

 

The report said that China’s shipbuilding sector went through “a striking metamorphosis” in the past two decades, transforming from a “peripheral player” to the dominant player on the global market, with efforts centered on one state-owned enterprise: China State Shipbuilding Corporation, or CSSC.

报告称，中国造船业在过去二十年里经历了“惊人的蜕变”，从“外围参与者”转变为全球市场的主导者，其努力集中在一家国有企业：中国船舶工业集团公司（CSSC）。

 

At the same time, China has greatly expanded its navy. Last year, a CSIS assessment found that China was operating 234 warships, compared with the U.S. Navy’s 219, although the U.S. continued to hold an advantage in guided missile cruisers and destroyers.

与此同时，中国海军也得到了极大的发展。去年，CSIS的一项评估发现，中国拥有234艘军舰，而美国海军只有219艘，尽管美国在导弹巡洋舰和驱逐舰方面继续保持优势。

 

In developing recommendations for the U.S. to compete with China, the researchers zoomed in on the Chinese company’s use of Beijing’s “military-civil fusion” strategy, which blurs the lines between the country’s defense and commercial sectors.

在为美国与中国竞争制定建议时，研究人员重点研究了中国公司对北京“军民融合”战略的使用，该战略模糊了中国国防和商业部门之间的界限。

 

They found that CSSC, which builds both commercial and military ships, sells three-quarters of its commercial production to buyers outside China, including to the U.S.-allied Denmark, France, Greece, Japan and South Korea. These foreign firms are thus funneling billions of dollars to Chinese shipyards that also make warships, advancing China’s modernization of its navy and providing Chinese defense contractors with key dual-use technology, the report said.

他们发现，建造商船和军舰的CSSC将其四分之三的商业产品出售给中国以外的买家，包括与美国结盟的丹麦、法国、希腊、日本和韩国。报告称，这些外国公司因此向也生产军舰的中国造船厂输送了数十亿美元，推进了中国海军的现代化，并为中国国防承包商提供了关键的两用技术。

 

The CSIS researchers suggested that, as a long-term fix, the U.S. should invest in rebuilding its shipbuilding industry and work with allies to expand shipbuilding capacities outside China. For the near term, they recommended actions to level the playing field and “disrupt China’s murky dual-use ecosystem,” such as by charging docking fees on Chinese-made vessels and cutting U.S. financial and business ties with CSSC and its subsidiaries.

CSIS的研究人员建议，作为长期解决方案，美国应投资重建造船业，并与盟友合作，扩大中国以外的造船能力。在短期内，他们建议采取行动，创造公平的竞争环境，“破坏中国模糊的军民两用生态系统”，例如对中国制造的船只收取码头费，切断美国与CSSC及其子公司的金融和商业联系。

 

The Trump administration has proposed new fees on China-linked vessels calling on U.S. ports. A BlackRock-led consortium last week agreed to acquire stakes in 43 ports across the globe, including the two ports on either side of the Panama Canal, from a Hong Kong-based conglomerate.

特朗普政府提议对停靠美国港口的与中国有关的船只收取新的费用。贝莱德牵头的一个财团上周同意从一家总部位于香港的企业集团手中收购全球43个港口的股份，其中包括巴拿马运河两岸的两个港口。